Hockey Cross Country Comparison Essay

Hockey and Cross country are two completely different sports in many aspects for example one is played on ice and is very physical and the other you are running on dry ground and all you do is run. But in many aspects these two sports have more in common than most people would think. These two sports in some aspects are polar opposes but having played them both I can say they are very similar. First off they both require extremely high levels of physical endurance and strength. Hockey requires you to have physical strength, quickness, and hand eye coordination. As cross country requires physical strength as well, but it also requires you to put your mind over your body, this means that no matter what kind of physical pain you may be in you have to block out the pain and keep running. Now most people think that cross country is not a team sport and only individuals run cross country right? Well they are very wrong cross country is just as much of a team sport as hockey. In cross country you rely on your team mates to place well in their race to score points just as a hockey player would in hockey. Both hockey and cross country require immense amounts of training. Hockey you have to train your hand eye coordination as well as having good vision and being physically strong. Cross country you must train your endurance you must have massive amounts of stamina as well as mental strength. Cross country you need a strong core and legs and stamina, but hockey requires you to be strong in every muscle group. Hockey is a physical sport that requires you to be able to block out pain after a big hit or a player takes a puck where they don’t have any padding.

Mktg 2101 Red Bull Case Study

MKTG 2101 Consumer Behaviour Case Study -Red Bull: Rampaging through Global Markets 1. What segmentation base has Red Bull adopted to target customers? How should Red Bull further segment the market in the future? Red Bull have adopted a segmentation base strategy relating to market demographics. In particular the company has targeted young active people aged 16 – 29 years. Red Bull also use geography, identifying mainly university students and urban professionals who needed an ‘energy boost’ throughout their busy schedules and activities.Mateschitz’ strategy aimed to target opinion leaders, believing that â€Å"the authority of one alpha bee can influence the buying habits of hundreds†. The Red Bull segmentation strategy also has an important psychographic component, particularly focussing on young people with attitudes, perceptions and lifestyles that are consistent with risk taking, fast paced and energetic behaviours; highlighted with the company motto â€Å"No Red Bull, No Wings†. In order to continue to succeed, I believe that Red Bull must optimise opportunities in the growing economies of India and China.With greater economic freedoms and increased population growth in the middle class there are millions of young people falling into an attractive demographic for the Red Bull product. These young people will be the opinion leaders of the future in their countries, therefore holding the key for a success. Ways in which the company can expand its current activities to begin the process will lie in the correct marketing strategies; in particular I believe that the continued sponsorship of extreme events in these regions will be the perfect way to introduce young people to the product in an exciting new way. . How does Red Bull arouse the motivations of customers to purchase its energy drinks? Red Bull and Mateschitz explain â€Å"we are always looking for a more creative, different point of view† (Dolan 2005) to promote and present the product to the customer. This attitude is consistent with the brand personality and the image of its customers. It is for this reason that the company aligns itself with the young male – fast paced and energetic, interested in extreme sports, risky behaviour and never satisfied with the last thrill.The company too, is never satisfied, continuing sponsorship of extreme sports, owning Formula 1 racing teams and even developing its own sports such as BMX bike riding, Kite Boarding, Freeskiing, paragliding and more! The company is able to continually satisfy the needs of the market, arousing the customer with exciting new promotions and events which challenge the limits of human belief. For example, the Red Bull sponsored BMX events where the riders are attempting and completing unseen tricks and ‘death defying’ acts on a weekly basis.The company has also attempted a viral marketing strategy, in order to get the product to the consumer in a cheap and effective way. However, these efforts are also well calculated, for example, the drivers of the Red Bull VW Beetle are generally extremely good looking females aged 19 – 28 years, attractive and corresponding for the targeted young male. 3. Describe the brand personality of Red Bull. Why do you think the concept of brand personality is so important to Red Bull?Brand personality allows the consumer to develop a meaningful attachment to the product. People do not develop meaningful, long lasting relationships with the thing itself, it is when the consumer is able see the product with a certain persona, with feeling and meaning; it is then that the relationship develops and potentially blossoms. Red Bull and Mateschitz understand this and have created a brand personality that embodies excitement, energy and exhilaration, â€Å"Red Bull isn’t a drink, it’s a way of life†.People are overwhelmed with the image, the amazing aura around the events and the excitement created by the athletes. Young people feel the product, the brand and the colours when they see these competitors doing the amazing things that they aspire to, enshrouded with the simple colours of silver and blue. A clean, refined image burned into their brain, connected to the memories of thrilling moments when their heart was pumping, hands were sweating and adrenalin was frantically pulsating through their bodies.By creating these experiences for their consumer Red Bull are facilitating the development of important relationships with their product. In my opinion, maintaining brand personality and relationships is imperative for Red Bull. Mateschitz himself states, â€Å"We don’t bring the product to the people. We make it available and those who love our style come to us† highlighting his acknowledgement of the importance of people aligning themselves with the brand personality and developing a meaningful and long lasting relationship with the Red Bu ll productReferences * Dolan, K. (2005). The Soda With Buzz. Forbes. com http://www. forbes. com/global/2005/0328/028 print. html * Sciffman, L. , O’Cass, A. , Paladino, A. , D’Alessandro, S. and Bednall, D. 2011. Consumer Behaviour, 5th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall: Australia * Gschwandtner, G. (2004). The Powerful Sales Strategy Behind Red Bull. Selling Power. September. http://www. sellinpower. com Mktg 2101 Red Bull Case Study MKTG 2101 Consumer Behaviour Case Study -Red Bull: Rampaging through Global Markets 1. What segmentation base has Red Bull adopted to target customers? How should Red Bull further segment the market in the future? Red Bull have adopted a segmentation base strategy relating to market demographics. In particular the company has targeted young active people aged 16 – 29 years. Red Bull also use geography, identifying mainly university students and urban professionals who needed an ‘energy boost’ throughout their busy schedules and activities.Mateschitz’ strategy aimed to target opinion leaders, believing that â€Å"the authority of one alpha bee can influence the buying habits of hundreds†. The Red Bull segmentation strategy also has an important psychographic component, particularly focussing on young people with attitudes, perceptions and lifestyles that are consistent with risk taking, fast paced and energetic behaviours; highlighted with the company motto â€Å"No Red Bull, No Wings†. In order to continue to succeed, I believe that Red Bull must optimise opportunities in the growing economies of India and China.With greater economic freedoms and increased population growth in the middle class there are millions of young people falling into an attractive demographic for the Red Bull product. These young people will be the opinion leaders of the future in their countries, therefore holding the key for a success. Ways in which the company can expand its current activities to begin the process will lie in the correct marketing strategies; in particular I believe that the continued sponsorship of extreme events in these regions will be the perfect way to introduce young people to the product in an exciting new way. . How does Red Bull arouse the motivations of customers to purchase its energy drinks? Red Bull and Mateschitz explain â€Å"we are always looking for a more creative, different point of view† (Dolan 2005) to promote and present the product to the customer. This attitude is consistent with the brand personality and the image of its customers. It is for this reason that the company aligns itself with the young male – fast paced and energetic, interested in extreme sports, risky behaviour and never satisfied with the last thrill.The company too, is never satisfied, continuing sponsorship of extreme sports, owning Formula 1 racing teams and even developing its own sports such as BMX bike riding, Kite Boarding, Freeskiing, paragliding and more! The company is able to continually satisfy the needs of the market, arousing the customer with exciting new promotions and events which challenge the limits of human belief. For example, the Red Bull sponsored BMX events where the riders are attempting and completing unseen tricks and ‘death defying’ acts on a weekly basis.The company has also attempted a viral marketing strategy, in order to get the product to the consumer in a cheap and effective way. However, these efforts are also well calculated, for example, the drivers of the Red Bull VW Beetle are generally extremely good looking females aged 19 – 28 years, attractive and corresponding for the targeted young male. 3. Describe the brand personality of Red Bull. Why do you think the concept of brand personality is so important to Red Bull?Brand personality allows the consumer to develop a meaningful attachment to the product. People do not develop meaningful, long lasting relationships with the thing itself, it is when the consumer is able see the product with a certain persona, with feeling and meaning; it is then that the relationship develops and potentially blossoms. Red Bull and Mateschitz understand this and have created a brand personality that embodies excitement, energy and exhilaration, â€Å"Red Bull isn’t a drink, it’s a way of life†.People are overwhelmed with the image, the amazing aura around the events and the excitement created by the athletes. Young people feel the product, the brand and the colours when they see these competitors doing the amazing things that they aspire to, enshrouded with the simple colours of silver and blue. A clean, refined image burned into their brain, connected to the memories of thrilling moments when their heart was pumping, hands were sweating and adrenalin was frantically pulsating through their bodies.By creating these experiences for their consumer Red Bull are facilitating the development of important relationships with their product. In my opinion, maintaining brand personality and relationships is imperative for Red Bull. Mateschitz himself states, â€Å"We don’t bring the product to the people. We make it available and those who love our style come to us† highlighting his acknowledgement of the importance of people aligning themselves with the brand personality and developing a meaningful and long lasting relationship with the Red Bu ll productReferences * Dolan, K. (2005). The Soda With Buzz. Forbes. com http://www. forbes. com/global/2005/0328/028 print. html * Sciffman, L. , O’Cass, A. , Paladino, A. , D’Alessandro, S. and Bednall, D. 2011. Consumer Behaviour, 5th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall: Australia * Gschwandtner, G. (2004). The Powerful Sales Strategy Behind Red Bull. Selling Power. September. http://www. sellinpower. com

A Life Changing Experience

On the first day of my life, my stomach is already closed and my hair does not seem to be able to do anything. I packed all the pen, paper, notebook and other miscellaneous goods in my brand new blue bag. My mother watched the world wake up while drinking morning tea on the terrace. I put a quick light on my new shoes and checked my hair about three times each time I found a new mistake. My mother shouted at me from the stairs. You miss the bus! Bus. Good Life Change Experience Kim Kelly Manuel American InterContinental University Change Life 2 Abstract This article is an important part of my life, which means the world to me. So I would like to share the experience of marriage and marriage. I will provide information on how I got married today and what I learned from my previous mistakes in my life. And I will also tell us the love for everyone. About a year ago I changed my life, I went to a small town called Kelly in the suburbs of Dublin, Ireland. This is the most beautiful place I have ever seen. This beautiful existence will help me see life from a different perspective. I just want to be happy, thank you for what I have, do not open my thoughts, do not consider it a matter of course, and I would like to love everyone. - Change life's experience to death. For people, this means that many different things may not be considered by some people until it approaches them. I know that I have never thought about this before my father passed away. It made me feel very sad when I heard that my father died for the first time. I am 10 to 11 years old. It is not enough to understand why someone wants their own life. I crashed when it happened. I think that it makes sense to change the viewpoint of a person who has experienced similar things when returning from my experience of changing my life. A new perspective is this: When you change, when you are affected by new places and people, the person you leave home is growing and new as you go out. When you raise your eyes from yourself and your needs, you can see the beauty and differences of the people you love clearly, and you can join a larger story that has been moving around you I can. There is nothing to change this reality, but you need to decide whether you believe this or not, it will play a central role in the way you experience daily life. Military life is a very challenging experience of changing life. This is very challenging for me and changes my life. This is the awakening of my life as my grandparents raised them and they did everything for me. Since I am not an independent person, I have doubts about future changes. However, other studies have shown that partners showing long-term survival (no signs of relapse) of breast, prostate, and colon cancer are found to be in similar health status reported by the general population in the UK Anxiety and depression (Edwards and Clark, 2004). This indicates that psychological distress experienced by a caregiver decreases over time as a close r elative is diagnosed with cancer.

Management stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management stress - Essay Example During this stage of stress response, the brain will send an emergency signal to other body parts letting them know of the dangerous situation the individual is facing. The individual can either choose a fight or flight reaction. For example, during a bank robbery, an individual may decide to ‘fight’ the robbers or run away from the scene ‘flight’. In an organizational setting, this phase does not usually affect the performance of an employee. This means that too little stress is unlikely to have an effect on the productivity of employees (Quick, Wright, Adkins, Nelson & Quick, 2013). At this stage, an employee will attempt to resist the stressor. This process is initiated so that the individual can regain balance. It is at this stage that the body puts up a fight, and the human body is likely to achieve its maximum activity levels. The body digs deep into its reserve, and an individual usually feels under pressure and is usually very anxious. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law curve, it is at this stage that employees in an organization reach their peak performance. This goes to prove that people will usually work their best when under pressure. However, at this stage an individual’s body is usually very weak and is vulnerable to diseases due to a weakened immune system. At this stage, the human body is no longer able to cope with the stress and the body’s adaptive mechanisms collapse. At this stage, the stress is too much, and the body is usually unable to fight with the stressor. At this phase, an individual is usually tired, broken and exhausted. An individual is likely to have sleeping problems, raised blood pressure, digestive issues and is also at a higher risk of suffering from heart disease. Additionally, the individual may suffer from serious conditions like memory loss, mental illness and impaired judgment. The individual may break down due to feelings of

Language as a Reflection of Life, Power, Relationships and Self-Realiz Essay - 8

Language as a Reflection of Life, Power, Relationships and Self-Realization in Hurstons Work - Essay Example Though pegged majorly in search for love and personal identity, the author brings out other themes as closely interwoven with themes of gender and sexuality using language. The language of men and that of Janie and other women reflect different inclinations to societal approaches to its issues. This paper shall analyze, critique and discuss how language has been used to change the status quo or sustain it. The thesis statement shall be: Language, as used in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, is a double edge sword that has the power to effect both positive and negative changes. As the story begins, the author brings to the attention of the reader that the whole narration is based on a flashback. The major character is narrating her life to her best friend Phoeby in a friendly language between age-mates. Through that narration, her grandmother’s use of language depicts responsibility though stuck in the past. Nanny Crawford’s use of language may be seen to be overly restricted to safeguard her beliefs about life, which according to her, has to be defined through the prism of financial responsibility. She marries off Janie for two reasons after seeing her kiss Johnny Taylor. She persuades Janie into marrying the aged Logan Killicks. Her language as she admonishes Janie tells that her perspective about marriage is overly focused on life, family and stability as opposed to happiness. That is evidenced when she tells her that she should not let her down like her mother Leafy who deserted her. Her grandmother says, â€Å"So you don’t want to marry off decent like, do yuh?...Do you want to make me suck the sorrow yo’ mama did, eh? (Hurston 30)† One may also observe Nanny Crawford’s language, though a woman, depicts that belief that family relationships amongst married people should be safeguarded by all means. When Janie realizes that Logan was interested more in a farm assistant than in wife, she comes to lament to her grandmother Nanny Crawford about her marital issues.  

Sytems and operations management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sytems and operations management - Case Study Example Some of the business models applied in operation management include the input-process-output and value chain models. Information systems refer to a group of interrelated parts, which collect, process and distribute information in order to enhance control and decision making in an organization (Lee, Shiba and Wood 1999, p. 145). In a case study of Blackberry Hill Farm in South England, various business models can be used to analyze the problems faced in their day-to-day activities. These models include the input-process-output model (IPO), value chain model and consumer direct models. The challenges to be analyzed involve balancing the performance of activities, reducing complexity of some operations, as well as, staff management. Operational management involves transforming resources to products and services (McKeown and Leitch 2003, p. 67). The operations in the Blackberry Hill Farm involve agriculture and tourism. The input resources include cattle, crops, mixed woodland, poultry and farm heritage exhibits. The transforming input resources include the facilities such as a farm and the work force (employees). The transformational processes include cultivation, bee keeping and tractor riding. Others processes include selling at farm shops and cafà ©, bakery, preserving kitchen, pick-your own operations, a nd securing the farms and the car parks, as well. The output products include the fruits, vegetables, dough nuts, satisfaction of visitors and more (Kachiru 2007, p. 231). Using the IPO model, one can analyze the challenges by classifying the operations in the farm. It is necessary to arrange and sort out the major and minor activities. Jim and Mandy, the core managers at Blackberry Farm Hill have focused much on agritourism. This may be because of the increased number of visitors reporting to the farm in the previous seasons. Also, due to the adoption of many operations aimed at attracting more visitors would have contributed to low performance in farming.

FINANCIAL SERVICES MARKETING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

FINANCIAL SERVICES MARKETING - Assignment Example SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis of an organization is its strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis. Through strengths and weaknesses are generally considered internal to the organization whereas opportunities and threats are mainly external to the organizations like change in environmental factors or change in governmental regulations. SWOT analysis inculcates new ideas in strategic planning of the organization and can help any organization to take advantage of its strengths and defend against weaknesses. It is easier to conduct and does not incur high costs. It helps organizations to be aware of its external threats, mainly political and environmental threats. So this helps and organization to get prepared for them beforehand (Keller, 2009). SWOT analysis of SBNY is as follows: Strengths SBNY’s concentration in the New York metropolitan area deters it to reap the benefits of a diverse geographic presence (SBNY Annual Report, 2010). ... Therefore, any adversity in the economy of the area would hamper company’s earnings. As it is an investment banking company and a Financial institution its customers ranges from retail investors to the companies for which it does merchant banking and underwriting business. The company has fixed a lower limit of investments at which it starts managing the portfolio of its customers. This is done generally to create a standard lot of investment for all the retail investors. The lower limit is decided based upon the marker scenario. The funds of SBNY are managed under a separate wing known as SBNY Fund Management ltd, which is a subsidiary of SBNY (SBNY Annual Report, 2010). SBNYFM is currently operating on the institutional platform and its fund accounting and investment staff provides best class services to its clients. The fund management services are provided mainly to small and large retail investors. The next level services provided to the companies are Corporate Financial Services. It includes Initial Public Offerings, Corporate M&A, and Financial Advisory and capital market services. SBNY’s organizational structure provides for the establishment of private client groups, where each group caters to all the banking needs of its clients. The members of such group are highly experienced as they are recruited from major New York banks and brokerages with 20 years of experience in financial services, and are in position to serve the clients in best possible way. A typical group director has an established team of two to four additional professionals to assist with business development and client services. SBNY has 71 teams headed by 92 group directors. The company has projected to hire 11 more teams (About

Asian Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Asian Popular Culture - Essay Example This has an ultimate effect of developing the contemporary Asian popular cultures in accordance with the Western values. The development demeans the identity and effects of the Asian Popular Culture. The popularity and significant effects of the Asian Popular Culture is evident in Asian countries that include Japan, Korea, China, among other nations (Fung 3-5). This paper defines how Asian popular culture relates to processes of regional integration and globalization. It is worth noting that the Asian Popular Culture has been growing in the last two decades in East Asia through the advancements of cultural activities and commercial products in the regions. Indeed, the advancements in information technology have fostered the growth of the communication and media sectors. This is clear in the increased production capacity of media cultures like pop music, TV production, films, and other theatric ventures in East Asia. Moreover, Asian pop culture is alive to the synchronization of the media culture markets, which fosters the processes of regional integration as the media culture markets are in different regions within the Asian continent. Indeed, more people in the region can now access information on Asian pop culture, which enhances the development of points of unity and integration. The development of the production capacity of media cultures like pop music, TV production, films, and other theatric ventures in East Asia allows many residents in t he region to experience and identify with the characteristics of the Asian pop culture. Another aspect that fosters unity and integration in the Asian region is the capacity of the media personalities from the region to carry out their activities across the national borders. Indeed, producers, directors, actors, and operating capital apply in different nations across the region (Iwabuchi 1). In the recent days, the media culture producers and directors have

Canada and the Founding of The United Nation Essay

Canada and the Founding of The United Nation - Essay Example Prior to the formation of the United Nations, countries first organized themselves to address specific issues. One of the first organization prior to United States that was organized to address peace was the International Peace Conference that was held in 1899 in The Hague to put in place the mechanism on how to resolve crisis peacefully that would prevent wars from happening such as the previous world wars. Canada has been instrumental in the creation of United Nations being one of its founding members and has been an active participant and supporter since its beginnings. It was active not only in the primary role of UN to maintain peace and stability but also on other aspects such as supporting its drive to promote human rights, improving the administrative capability of UN and providing financial support to the institution. United Nations is created to prevent another world war to happen and to also collectively address global issues such as peace and security, climate change, food security and others. It was created after World War II where countries in ruin and wanted lasting peace. At present, UN has expanded its role from averting a world war and maintaining peace to addressing global issues in the 21st century. It has also became a major international platform for dialogue and negotiation not only in settling conflict and dispute but also in addressing other timely humanitarian concerns such as human rights and climate change. United Nation’s predecessor was the League of Nations which was created with similar intention as the International Peace Conference which was established in 1919 to prevent war and promote peace and security under the Treaty of Versailles. The League of Nations however was disbanded after it failed to prevent the Second World War from happening giving way to creation of United Nations after Second World War in 1945.

SS310 Unit 7 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SS310 Unit 7 DB - Research Paper Example It is equally evident that archeological resources within the moon have the capacity to improve the state of the earth. This is attributable to the minerals, and other compounds that are likely to benefit humankind. It is equally central to recognize that the moon helps in enhancing life on earth. The exploration of the moon may lead to economic and scientific progress because it sets the stage for economic and societal progress. It is necessary to harvest the moon’s natural resources such as Iron (Waldman, 2000). This will make it simple to generate steel, and other components that are associated with Iron. These resources can enhance economic growth and improve the living standards of people. This is likely to alleviate my living conditions. It is essential to plan for the prospects not just concentrating on the present. Knowledge is increased through exploration. This finally leads to innovation of new technologies and wealth (Waldman,

Example of an Compare and Contrast Essay Example for Free

Example of an Compare and Contrast Essay My grandmother and I are like dust and dawn, complete opposites. We have different points of views; we come from total different generations; we have different interest. My grandmother was born in Atlanta, GA and married at a young age. She and my grandfather later move up to Jersey City, New Jersey when she was pregnant with my eldest aunt. Life was a lot different in the 1940s than it is now. After sitting down with my grandmother, talking to her about different stuff made me see her in a new light. I spoke with her about how the music was then and now was different. She grew up in a Christian home, so all they listened to was Gospel. I asked her â€Å"what do you think of the Gospel music today?† She answered â€Å"I’m not a big fan of it but I only listen to Mary Mary before I would listen to anything else. They add too much into it and think that because you say God or Jesus it’s a Gospel song. Mary Mary are true Gospel singers.† So, I asked her about the Gospel music that she grew up with, and she had a twinkle in her eye as she explained it to me. She truly loved Gospel from the 1950s to the 1980s. she explained how they had a true meaning and how they had a true message. Technology from then and now is really different. My grandmother declared that their television’s looked like big boxes with a screen on them and cameras were huge. Now, in the 21th century, we have flat screen TV’s and small cameras that can fit in your pockets and can print wirelessly from the printer. Phones were all wired and you couldn’t really move around the house with it; presently, we have wireless cellular phone that you can contact someone from half way around the world without an issue. The environment was a lot safer than it is today; also, that prices were more affordable than they are, that’s why more people are depending on public assistants. My grandmother indicated that you could walk in the grocery store with $20 and leave out with about 35-40 items. As of now, you walk in the grocery store with $20 walk out with 3-5 items. During the 1960s the environments setting weren’t as bad as they are now. The crime rate isn’t as high as they are now. That’s why she chooses to leave out early in the morning to run arranges because she feels safer. The generations has changed and progressed in different ways. Things were easier than they are today. Before you don’t really worry about much, now some people fear to leave the comfort or their home. Maybe if I was alive during that time, I maybe would have gone through as much as I am today. If you had a chance to live in that time zone, would you?

Economic Topics Essay Example for Free

Economic Topics Essay Discuss how the government can use discretionary fiscal policy and automatic stabilisers to stabilise fluctuations in real GDP. What tools does the government have at its discretion to stabilise the economy? Suppose the government decides to decrease income taxes. Show in a diagram and explain how this policy will lead to an increase in real GDP. Explain how potential output may be affected. Any government program that tends to reduce fluctuations in GDP automatically is called an automatic stabilizer. The reduction in economic activity automatically reduced tax payments, reducing the impact of the downturn on disposable personal income. Furthermore, the reduction in incomes increased transfer payment spending, boosting disposable personal income further. Fiscal policy is the use of government expenditures and taxes to influence the level of economic activity; it is the government counterpart to monetary policy. Fiscal policy is the best counter-stabilisation tool available to any government. Discretionary government spending and tax policies can be used to shift aggregate demand. Expansionary fiscal policy might consist of an increase in government purchases or transfer payments, a reduction in taxes, or a combination of these tools to shift the aggregate demand curve to the right. A contractionary fiscal policy might involve a reduction in government purchases or transfer payments, an increase in taxes, or a mix of all three to shift the aggregate demand curve to the left. Income taxes affect the consumption component of aggregate demand. A reduction in income taxes increases disposable personal income, increases consumption (but by less than the change in disposable personal income), and increases aggregate demand. That shifts the aggregate demand curve rightward by an amount equal to the initial change in consumption that the change in income taxes produces times the multiplier. Suppose, for example, that income taxes are reduced by $200 billion. Only some of the increase in disposable personal income will be used for consumption and the rest will be saved. Suppose the initial increase in consumption is $180 billion. Then the shift in the aggregate demand curve will be a multiple of $180 billion; if the multiplier is 2, aggregate demand will shift to the right by $360 billion. Thus, the equilibrium level of real GDP rises to $12,260 billion, and the price level rises to P2. $12,000 $ 12,260 $12,360 The economy shown here is initially in equilibrium at a real GDP of $12,000 billion and a price level of P1. A reduce of $200 billion in the level of Income Taxes (ΔT) shifts the aggregate demand curve to the right by $360 billion to AD2. The equilibrium level of real GDP rises to $12,260 billion, while the price level rises to P2.

Relationship Between Feminism And Fashion Cultural Studies Essay

Relationship Between Feminism And Fashion Cultural Studies Essay During this essay I am going to discuss fashion and feminism and the question, can you be a feminist and still be fashionable? I am going to discuss and compare different arguments on the relationship between feminism and fashion. When most people hear the word feminist they automatically draw up a conclusion of tough looking women with short hair, mannish clothes and no bra. The reality is any women can be a feminist whether a school teacher, business women, model or porn star. When feminism first came about during the nineteenth century the main focus was for equal rights for men and women. During this time feminists managed to grant the right for women to vote as well as getting more equal rights in education and the workplace. Although this wave was massively important in equal rights for women there was still a lot of issues unresolved, especially unofficial inequalities. This is where the second wave of feminism comes in. The second wave of feminism, beginning in the 1960s, was concerned with full social and economic equality. During this wave feminists encouraged women to look into aspects of their personal lives and the structure of power. The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan was and still is regarded as one of the most influential books of the 20th century paying great detail to suburban housewives and how unhappy they were, Each women thought she was alone, it was her personal guilt if she didnt have an orgasm waxing the family-room floorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦no matter how much she had wanted that husband, those children, that split level suburban house and the appliances thereof, which were supposed to be the limits of womens dreams in those years after World War II, she sometimes felt the longing for something more. (Friedan, 1963: Chapter 2) The last wave of feminism, the third wave, which started in the 1990s and still affects us today. This wave has two cultures, the first believes all advertisement, media, photography, showing women in a sexual way should be banned. The second believes women are allowed to wear what they want and act as they please and still be highly successful both in the home and workplace. Above is a photograph taken from a collection of photographs for an advertisement campaign by the designer Tom Ford from his Spring/Summer 2008 collection. Tom ford is known for his more provocative advertisement campaigns and for this particular campaign he collaborates with photographer Terry Richardson to feature a collection of photographs featuring both male and female models partaking in different activities, the majority of these done in the nude; more often than not it is the female models that are the naked ones whilst the men are fully clothed dressed in smart, dapper suits. In Italy these advertisements were actually banned for being sexually implicit (Eswaran, 2008)and the IAA (Italian Advertising Institute) said about them that they were Deeply vulgar and went beyond bad taste to actually offend the publics sensibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it does beyond acceptable limits for advertising (Eswaran, 2008)and concluded by saying how the advertisements are an offensive gesture whic h insults women and the dignity of all.'(Eswaran, 2008) The photograph above shows a naked woman ironing a mans trousers, a typical household chore which is stereotyped as a womens job, whilst he stands around waiting for her to finish whilst reading a newspaper. When the advertisements first appeared it sparked a whole new debate on the misogynistic, hatred for women, representations of women. Feminists viewed the photographs as shocking and extremely sexist. Many a comment has also been made on how they represent the post feminism culture in which feminism acts have been weakened by popular culture such as fashion, music and the media. Figure Two. Tom Ford Advertisement S/S 2008 Above is another photograph from the same campaign in which a female model is made to look much like a blow up sex doll. It is also interesting to see how you cannot see her as a whole person, but just certain body parts, making her more to be an object than an actual human being. Now although these images were highly credited as being extremely sexist, one blogger stated how they hate the ones with the naked women being stared at by clothed menthat bothers me.'(Fairy glamour, 2008) and another stating that they are both tasteless and gratuitous (Edanya, 2008) they can also be looked upon in the eyes of the third wave of feminism in which women are allowed to wear what they want and act as they please and still be highly successful both in the home and workplace. Angela McRobbie backs up this idea but saying how feminist views are rather out-dated and the modern women enjoys the freedom of her sexuality and gets the joke (McRobbie, 2007: 33) seeing sexism as almost ironic. Whilst Natasha Walter author of Living Dolls: The return of sexism states that, Since the idea has taken hold that women and men are now equal throughout society, it is seen as unproblematic that women should be relentlessly encouraged to prioritise their sexual attractivenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this is a free choice by women who are in all other ways equal to men. (Walter, 2010: 119) Looking at Tom Fords Spring/Summer 2010 advertisement he has done much of the same thing showing a completely naked woman alongside a fully clothed man. The bad press around the 2008 campaign could not have affected him that much if he has gone on to do much of the same thing again. Maybe they are meant to be viewed as a light hearted tongue in cheek joke rather than a misogynistic representation of women. Figure Three. Dolce and Gabbana Advertisement S/S 2010 Above is the next image I am going to discuss, taken from the Dolce Gabbana Spring/Summer 2010 campaign featuring Madonna. The images, which were shot by photographer Steven Klein, are a series of photographs of the celebrity in a domestic setting carrying out daily tasks such a cleaning. A whole article on Madonna.com is dedicated to the photographs and the inspiration behind them. They talk about the campaign and the reason behind the choice of shoot, describing it as showing the iconic depictions of strong, tender and naturally beautiful women. (Milan, 2009) The article goes on to say, The intention of Dolce Gabbana is to recapture a womens human side, showcasing through these images how a womens femininity and sensuality can be found through the simplicity of daily gestures along with a passion for life. The new Dolce Gabbana campaign encourages a woman to cast aside fears of showcasing her femininity because it is where her true beauty resides. (Milan, 2009) Comments, made by Madonna fans, after the article read such things as really sensual and hot (Maverick78, 2009) and wow Madonna looks fabulous in the photograph a rustic charm (Lumb1, 2009). No one has seemed to have picked up on the fact that Madonna is in fact carrying out chores stereotyped to be a womens work and in fact appears to be representing everything feminism is against. This is because followers of fashion, whether a feminism or not are looking at the clothes she is wearing rather than the poses she is adapting. A caption from a website reads, Beautifully dressed and following the Italian family theme of the campaign, la Donna is giving her lowdown on how to wear unique tailored clothing at all occasions even the most unexpected ones. Indeed, you never know who will ring at the door while you are tidying up the house. Always prepared, always glamorous, as shown by Madonna, femininity and sensuality do not belong to specific time slots: it is a permanent state of dressing. (swide, 2010) Therefore it could be argued that, like the Tom Ford advertisement, this Dolce Gabbana one is simply a tongue in cheek take on feminism and the modern women, even taking Betty Friedans orgasm waxing the family-room floor (Friedan, 1963: Chapter 2) comment a little too literally. I am now going to move onto even more present day and the pop stars many of us idolise. Figure Four. Lady Gaga Telephone Video 2010 Figure Four. Lady Gaga Rolling Stone Cover 2010 Both of the above photographs are of current pop star Lady Gaga. Gaga is one of the biggest selling pop stars of the moment and idolised by girls, women, boys and men.The first photograph is a still from her music videoTelephone, official music video. The video starsthe pop star dancing around in not much clothing and acting provocative; parts of the video were in fact censored for more appropriate day time viewing. Gagas police caution tape costume, if you can call it that, was designed by L.A based designer Brian Lichtenberg. Although this costume can be viewed as shocking and shows women as more an object to stare at, an object of desire even to men, than a human being this outfit could also be seen as simply a way of self-expressionism. An interview between an editor of online Britannica encyclopedia and Philosopher Nancy Bauer talks about whether Gaga is in fact seen as a feminist figure. Bauer says of Gaga that, Lady Gaga strikes her fans as a liberating force: she seems to be able to transform what people ordinarily find oppressive into an opportunity for self-expression. You might say shes a specialist in the art of rack focus: she knows how to get a viewer to look at very familiar things in new and sometimes surprising ways. An obvious example is her outfitting herself in nothing but carefully placed police tape in the Telephone video. (Bauer 2010) Bauer also conducted an interview with Gaga herself who calls herself a bit of a feminist'(Bauer 2010) viewing feminists as a woman who is strong and powerful and has high self-esteem (Bauer 2010). The other photograph is from the cover of Rolling Stone magazine. This cover was shot by Terry Richardson, the man behind the Tom Ford 2008 advertisement campaign. Yet again she is dressed in next to nothing, looking very provocative. In the interview that accompanied the front cover she said in answer to one question that she considers herself to be a full on feminist. Bauer interpreted this as Gaga believing that one of being a feminist is to be a strong and powerful woman with high self-esteem is to talk brazenly and dress scantily, or at least in the way she does. (Bauer 2010) So in conclusion to my essay can you be a feminist and still be fashionable? I believe that you can. After all feminism is all about equal rights and women being able to be how they like and do as they please, being an individual. Fashion is an expression of individuality; it is the best way to show case to everyone around you that you are in fact an individual person. The models of the Tom Ford campaign, Madonna and Lady Gaga have not been told to act or dress that way they have chosen to do it, free will. After all fashion is a pleasure, and, I agree with Natasha Walter when she said that, Adult women were now free to choose to embrace aspects of femininity that second wave feminists had once seen as coercive, such as high heels and make-up (Walter, 2010: 129)

History of Solar Advancements Essay -- History Historical Energy Sun E

History of Solar Advancements Our sun provides us with a virtually unlimited resource that we have used for centuries in a multiple of ways. We use it to keep us warm, to grow our food and generate millions if kilowatts of electricity. Everyday the sun showers the earth with more potential energy that we produce in that day or even that week. According to the Go Solar Company (1999-2003), †on an acre of land with the sun overhead is receiving more the four thousand horsepower, which is equivalent to a large railroad locomotive, and in less than three days of the same intensity will match the estimated total of all fossil fuels on the earth†. Many of the visionaries I will be talking about explored almost all the renewable energy options familiar today, and in less than 50 year they (independent and jointly) developed an impressive array of technologies for harnessing solar radiation and converting it to energy in the way of steam to power the machines of their respective eras. You will see that p rior to World War 1, they were using all of the solar thermal conversion methods now being considered, but after the War and for a better part of 50 years their work was nearly forgotten in the rush to develop fossil fuels for an â€Å"energy-hungery† world (Smith , 1995). When the term â€Å"solar energy† is mentioned the common thought is of recent technologies, or rather a young approach to energy production, this in fact is not entirely true. What is true is that since the dawning of the space age solar-conversion used for energy production has grown with leaps and bounds but this technology has been around for some time. In fact the first documented usages of solar-conversion are found in the writings of Homer (Iliad and the... ...e energy needs. As Frank Shuman declared more than 80 years ago, it is "the most rational source of power." Work Cited: History of Solar Energy. Broadcast on Sun. 16/12/00. Reported by Alexandra de Blas: Interview of John Perlin. Internet: Online Sept.16, 03. Bailey Howe lib. UVM Available: www.abc.net/ â€Å"History of Solar Power†. Go Solar Company. L.A. California. Copyright 1999-2003. Internet: Online Sept. 27, 03. Bailey Howe lib. UVM. Available: www.solarexpert.com Smith, C. History of Solar Energy: Revisiting Solar Power’s Past. Tech. Review. July 95. Internet: Online Sept. 16, 03. Bailey Howe lib. UVM. Available: www.solarenergy.com â€Å"The History of Solar Energy†.The Solar Energy Science Project. Environmental Portfolio. Penn State. 1999. Internet. Online Sept. 27, 03. Bailey Howe lib. UVM. Available: www.personal.psu.edu

Activity and Impact Training Essay -- essays research papers

I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ACTIVITY TRAINING TO IMPACT TRAINING A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training for Activity 1. The HRD dept. is held accountable for its activity, not for its results  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no formal output of results so managers are left to decide weather it is beneficial or not. 2. The HRD staff is held accountable for design and delivery of training programs.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In training for activity, trainers are held accountable for the number of programs they deliver or design.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  80% of their time is activity so there’s little time left to do needs assessment or research.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizations that operate with the training for activity approach are looked at being non-productive or not working if not present in the classroom. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skill Transfer from the classroom to the job is unknown or absent.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With an evaluation the skills and knowledge regarding the job cannot be determined.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HRD professionals using this method rarely consider strategies that would guarantee a high degree of skill transfer.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On-the-job application is viewed as the responsibility for providing the participant and his or her boss. The HRD dept. is responsible for providing the participants with skills and knowledge. (where little to no transfer occurs) 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a lack of clear alignment with business needs.  · A lot of the courses are out of date.  · Without a clear business need managers are sometimes reluctant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and against training programs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a lack of identified management responsibility for results.  · No one person or group of people has accepted accountability for ensuring that the skills taught will be used on the job. BUSINESS NEEDS FOR AN ALTERNATIVE TRAINING APPORACH One of the criticisms most commonly leveled and HRD professionals today is that they lack business savvy and do not speak the language of business. Business language requires HRD professionals to consider the return to the organization for dollars spend on training. Billions of dollars are spent on training and dev... ...in or lose from this effort. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While he client can involve others, someone in the client group must be in the chain of command of the learners. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The client receives all reports regarding the project. METHODS FOR IDENTIFY THUE CLIENTS DIRECT METHODS: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ask client to have all involved in project present. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ask about key individuals. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indicate concern at not including the necessary individuals in the meeting. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Listen carefully to names being mentioned. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Always ask questions for involvement. INDIRECT METHODS: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ask questions that will determine if your contact is reporting to someone else. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Encourage through a meeting that contact invite the client. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If your contact needs permission from someone else ask that they invite that person. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After each meeting write a memo summarizing all that took place as well as the outcomes. Send a copy to the client.

The Immortal Artist :: essays research papers

The immortal Artist Throughout the history of the world humans have been intrigued by a condition referred to as immortality. Immortality is the state in which one defies death, thus conquering the realm of being a mortal. Scientists have searched for ways to create this phenomenon. With there over thought out and complex ideas they had managed to overlook the obvious. People had been achieving immortality for years. The key is not in physical exesistance but in your actions, creations, and reputation which will live on long after you die. T.L. Lange, a reputable artist from Atlanta Georgia, once said "Music and art play the dominant roles in life. In the liberation from the self, the ripples which are left to be remembered. It is in this moment that we achieve immortality and imagine what goes well with corn flakes†¦." The visual Arts students at The North Carolina School of the Arts have utilized this knowledge in such a way so that their class has remained immortal. As a class, the class of 1986, the students composed a mural. Dr. Chaplin created the mural and gave each student a representation. He managed to re-create an image of each student through regenerating his or her image from a photograph. The canvas is divided into eighteen individual and distinct sections. Each section is devoted to one student picture or figure, and their mood or feelings in which they wanted to portray. The designer, Chaplin, gave the work a sense of unity by using all pure hue colors and geometric construction with illustrative organic shapes to create the students. The use of repetition in color and general shapes gives the piece an intimate since of unity that also pulls the students together in a metaphoric sense. The work is residing in the student commons. The commons is designed as a place for students to dine, relax and visit with their friends. Therefor this is an appropriate place for the painting because it helps create the feeling that they are relaxing with the students of today. The work is not at all accented by architectural lighting or by any frame, and is not put on a pedestal to be observed.

Air India †the Virgin Airways Saga Essay

In December 1999, India’s national carrier, Air India (A-I) signed an agreement with Virgin Atlantic Airways1 (VA) by which VA would fly three flights on the Delhi-London route on a code-sharing2 basis with A-I. This was hailed as a significant development for the ailing A-I. The code sharing arrangement was expected to trigger off a price war in the Delhi-London route where British Airways (BA) was a dominant player. According to the agreement, VA would fly three more flights a week on this route by 2001. In July 2000, VA started off with two flights a week on Thursdays and Saturdays from Delhi. It planned to have a third flight by October 2000. However, till late 2001, VA was still flying two flights. A-I did not seem ready to allow VA fly the third flight because A-I too had a flight from Delhi on Monday, the day VA wanted to fly from Delhi. Meanwhile, the Government of India (GoI) granted rights to BA to fly three more flights per week from Kolkata to London. This was in violation of the bilateral pact signed between Britain and India according to which BA and A-I were allowed to fly 16 flights a week to each other’s country. BA was already flying 16 flights a week-seven from Delhi, seven from Mumbai and two from Chennai. In late 2001, VA was severely affected by the downturn in the global aviation industry. VA was finding it difficult to sustain its operations in India with only two flights a week. VA had made it clear that unless it was allowed to increase the frequency to three, its exit from India would be a distinct possibility. Background Note A-I was registered as Air India International in 1948. Later in 1962, the word ‘International’ was dropped and from March 1994, the airline began functioning as Air-India Limited. In 2000, A-I’s network covered 44 destinations (Refer Exhibit I). In addition, A-I had a code sharing arrangement with a number of foreign airlines. These included Air France, Swiss Air, Bellview Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Asiana Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Aeroflot, Air Mauritius, Kuwait Airways and Emirates. In the late 1990s, as part of its disinvestment rogramme, the GoI decided to divest 40% stake in A-I and began looking for a strategic partner. The strategic partner would take up 40% stake with only a 26% cap to foreign airlines. Ever since it began operations in 1984, VA focused on international routes. After the airlines maiden flight, from London’s Gatwick airport to Newark on the outskirts of New York, Richard Branson3 added several lucrative routes to his kitty. Till 1999, VA’s route network in the Asian region included Heathrow-Tokyo-Heathrow, Heathrow-Hong Kong-Heathrow and Heathrow-Shanghai-Heathrow. The airline had code-share agreements with Continental Airlines, Malaysian Airlines, and British Midland. In |the late 1990s, Branson was targeting the lucrative Delhi-London route. Every year an estimated 0. 3 million passengers traveled from Delhi to London, which was nearly 40 per cent of the total outbound traffic from India. The only available direct route codes were held by BA and A-I. As a result passengers were forced to take circuitous routes |offered by airlines like Emirates and Royal Jordanian which made them wait for hours at distant airports. Branson’s efforts to woo A-I started in 1997. He said, â€Å"Air-India was once famous for its service and I’d like to think that as well as competing with Air-India we can share with it our experience of making Virgin Atlantic the success it is today. † Analysts felt that A-I would learn from VA’s innovation in hospitality. VA was the first airline to offer a TV monitor with every seat (in every class). It offered in-flight beauty therapy including the services of masseurs, ice-cream cones during in-flight movies and a chauffeured motorcycle service to airports. Also in the offing were email and Internet services. Upper class passengers were provided laptop power leads with every seat, and headsets to reduce noise in the cabin. Besides commercial cooperation on cargo services, yield management, and product development, the arrangement with Branson would give AI’s staffers access to cabin crew training. However, analysts felt that once VA started its operations, it would be an all-out fight to lure passengers and AI would be the worst sufferer. As VA promised to offer tickets at 15 per cent less than BA, a Delhi-London VA ticket would be cheaper than A-I’s. The Deal In 1999, the ministry of civil aviation said that it was willing to consider an agreement between VA and A-I that would benefit both carriers. The agreement was to include a code-sharing arrangement or sharing of A-I flight quotas. The entry of VA on the London-India routes was likely to bring down the fares on the sector. In December 1999, VA signed an agreement with A-I to fly three services a week on a code share basis between Delhi and London from July 2000. The arrangement with A-I was for five years and apart from the initial three flights a week, frequencies, it had agreed to give away the remaining three to V-I by 2001. VA and A-I would share seats on each other’s routes and VA would operate flights to the UK on routes not covered by A-I. VA would also fly on days that were not flown by A-I. Under the terms of the agreement, flights would carry both VA and A-I flight numbers, and both airlines would sell seats on those services in competition with one another. Said Branson, â€Å"Launching flights between the UK and India has always been an ambition of mine. It is a very potent route and currently I see a lack of capacity on this route, which has decreased tourist flow between the two countries. I think between the two airlines – Air-India and Virgin – we will be able to improve the route. † According to some analysts, the GoI was interested in forging an alliance with VA because of the group’s interests in entertainment, music telecom, insurance and financial services. Branson had raised hopes of further investments in publishing, holiday homes and telecom. He said, â€Å"This is just the beginning. We will study the Indian market and see what business is best suited for the market and for us and proceed accordingly. We will see where we can make a difference. A-I had been in the red for a long time and was hoping that the VA venture would improve its bottomline. Said Branson, â€Å"We are paying a significant amount to A-I under the code-sharing agreement, though I would not like to reveal the amount. Let me assure you: Air-India can make a few millions. † However, Air India officials felt that more than the financial gains, it was the pa rtnership that mattered and the move would bring in fresh traffic to the country. Besides traffic, VA’s arrival could also mean reductio in airfares. Said Branson, â€Å"Our upper class and premium class as we call them are as competitively priced as the first class and business class fares of other airlines respectively. Except, of course, we give more services such as limousines, manicure, beauty treatment, etc, to every passenger on board. As for our economy class, our priority is to fly it houseful and hence the pricing is whatever it takes to get the customer. Hence, since we will be competing with Air-India too despite this agreement, the pricing and services will be competitive. † VA’s arrival was also expected to improve A-I’s services and even bring about a reduction in the fares depending on the market conditions. Said M. P. Mascarenhas, the then Managing Director of A-I, â€Å"We will have to compete and hence we will have to perform, even if it means fare reduction. † Analysts felt that a possible fare reduction would have an adverse effect on the bottomline of A-I. Responded Mascarenhas, â€Å"I don’t think it would because it would increase traffic and improve the overall situation. You see, now, between the two airlines, there will be services all days of the week. Analysts felt that with the AI-VA code sharing agreement, other carriers such as Thai Airways and Cathay-Pacific, which were asking for more flights, would pressurize the GoI for code-share arrangements with AI in lieu of more flights. Who will Rule the Delhi-London Skies? Analysts felt that with the entry of VA, the Indian skies would see some fierce price wars between VA and BA. Branson said that VA’s first class fares would be equivalent to the business class fares of BA and that the economy fare would be 30-50% cheaper than BA’s. If BA brought down ticket prices as it had done in May 2000, VA would fly for less, Branson said. Since BA had proposed a fare of about Rs 27,000 on the Delhi-London sector, Branson said VA would file an application with the GoI for a lower fare. At the same time, VA would respect the Government’s sentiments on fares, since it was a regulated market, Branson said. In June 2000, VA announced that it would start its operations in India in July with a bi-weekly service-Wednesdays and Fridays from London and Thursdays and Saturdays from Delhi. VA planned to launch a third weekly flight around October. The airline would offer low introductory fares. Mackenzie Grant, VA’s general manager for India said the initial fare was still being worked out and that it would be difficult to give a comparison with competing airlines. Analysts felt that VA would give BA some stiff competition, not only in terms of fares, but also with its array of services such as sleeper seats, massage services and lounge facilities. Said one, â€Å"Virgin’s entry will certainly be a boost to services between India and Europe. The airline has a high quality product. † Branson promised VA fare would be extremely competitive. Analysts felt that competitive pricing would mean that VA would price its Delhi-London flight for less than Rs 25,000, which was approximately the A-I fare. A-I feared there would be an exodus of its already dwindling passenger list. Meanwhile, BA was bracing itself to meet the VA challenge on the Delhi-London sector. The airline announced direct daily services between London and Delhi from October 30, thereby increasing capacity by 25 per cent on this sector. For this, the airline suspended its twice weekly service to Calcutta and terminated its five times-a- week service from Delhi to Dhaka from October 30. The changes were made as part of a renewed bilateral agreement between UK and India signed in February 2000. On July 5, 2000, VA dropped a bombshell. It slashed its introductory airfare from the normal Rs 42,598 to Rs 31,000 for a return ticket on the busy London-Delhi route. But just before VA’s entry into Indian airspace, BA also announced a special economy-class fare: a Rs 27,635 round trip ticket. According to analysts, consumers were at last getting the benefits of a liberalised competitive sector. In July 2000, BA won the right to three more flights per week between India and Britain, drawing an immediate protest from VA. According to BA’s South Asia manager Alan Briggs, under a special arrangement outside a bilateral aviation agreement, the GoI had given BA permission to fly three times a week to the eastern city of Calcutta. Under the bilateral pact, which was renewed in February 2000, BA and A-I were each allowed to fly 16 times a week to each other’s home country. A-I used 10 of its 16 weekly flight entitlements on the route. BA used all 16 of its flight entitlements, with seven flights a week to Delhi, seven to Mumbai and two to Madras. BA had been lobbying since 1993 to increase the number of its flights to India. The End of the Honeymoon? By October 2000, VA was to start its third code share flight as per the agreement with A-I. In addition to the Rs 100 million per flight per annum that A-I got from VA, the third flight would fetch A-I Rs 300 million per annum. However, till late 2001, VA was flying only two flights a week. Also, there was no progress on the remaining three flights that VA was entitled to fly from 2001. This seemed to the bone of contention between VA and A-I. VA officials were particularly unhappy that BA was granted rights to fly three additional flights per week from Kolkata to London against the prevailing norms. What seemed particularly strange was that there was no commercial agreement or code share for any of these additional frequencies. Commenting on the GoI’s interest in BA, a leading business magazine in India wrote, â€Å"The needle of suspicion automatically points to vested interests in the ministry and their sudden penchant for BA. â€Å"5 By December 2000, it became clear that VA would have to wait a bit longer for final clearance from A-I to commence the third code-share |flight on the India-London sector. While VA officials claimed that they would start the third code-share flight within a reasonable period of time following clearances from Indian authorities, A-I officials said that nothing was in the offing as yet. Said a VA official, â€Å"The ball is in the court of A-I and the Indian Government. The day we get the permission, we will start the service in a reasonable time period, which will allow us to relocate aircraft and crew to commence the third flight. Further, the airline will be only too happy to serve other destinations in India. † Some analysts said that while VA was keen to operate the third flight on Sundays from London with a Monday departure from Delhi, A-I was opposed to as the Indian carrier also had a Delhi to London flight on Monday morning. VA was willing to schedule its flight at 2 p. m. in the afternoon, ensuring a gap of more than 6 hours between its flight and A-I’s London flight. But this was not acceptable to A-I, which pointed out that according to the agreement signed between VA, and A-I, VA was to operate flights only on those days when A-I did not operate services to London. A VA official said that the delay in granting permission to VA to operate the third flight on the sector was proving to be financially disastrous for A-I. However, despite these problems, VA said it was interested in code sharing with A-I to other cities such as Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad. In late 2001, VA was in some trouble because of the downturn in the transatlantic aviation business and shrinking revenues. VA announced 20 per cent reduction in operations, grounded five of its aircraft and pruned the workforce by 1200 to tide over one of the worst crises for the international aviation business in the aftermath of the US attacks6. Having already announced 20 per cent reduction of activities, the airline seemed unable to sustain its operations in India with just two |flights a week. Said Paul Smitton, general manager-India, VA, â€Å"Two flights each from Delhi is not a viable proposition in the long run. At least three or more flights makes the business viable as it would enable us to get more traffic and meet economies of scale from our operations here. † He added, â€Å"No airline can sustain loss making regions for long. And this time round, we will wait for just months and not |years before taking a decision. † Analysts felt that VA was likely to review its strategy for its fledgling unprofitable Indian operations. |During its short stay in India, VA had already notched up losses on the Delhi-London sector and industry sources ruled out the chances of VA breaking even unless the frequency increased from the current level. VA officials have indicated to the GoI that VA may have to pull out of India if the frequency of operations was not increased. VA informed the GoI that it had agreed to provide A-I with income worth Rs 100 million per annum for each flight on the basis of the understanding that a third frequency would be allowed on schedule. VA also said that it had hired Indian crew for three flights and spent on publicity, as it was confident its frequency would be increased. It informed the GoI that it would have to pull out of India if the third flight was not cleared. In October 2001, the GoI ordered a full review of the code-sharing pact. What remained to be seen was whether the much-hyped I-A-VA alliance would be sustainable in the long run

‘The Pit and The Pendulum’ by Edgar Allan Poe and ‘An Encounter’ by James Joyce Essay

An analytical school day of The score and The P determinationulum, An break and The Pedestrian, focal point on the themes of paralysis, hookment and isolationThe schoolbooks chosen for this probe be The tooth decay and The Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe and An take on by James Joyce which, I tactile whizz, argon appropriate as they provide oecumenical cover years of the themes analysed whilst earthly concernaging to cover a historical period of whatever seventy years1. Poes piece is a dark, Gothic turn over which deals, in great depth, with the flavour of two psychogenic and somatic paralysis encompassed in an entrapping and uninvolved asynchronous transfer mode. Joyce, on the separate hand, takes a showcaseistic whollyy much diverse and impalpable approach to the concept of paralysis, disingenuously covert the theme within the stagnant surroundings of his Dublin. Verbal entrapment is further much offered in the lay take done of a dubious elderly slice.The floor An Encounter by James Joyce in full exhibits many stylistic rollicks associated with the modernist author for congreticuloendothelial systemswoman the enjoyment of epiphany or writing by first individual chronicle, with inner soliloquy to highlight the consciousness of the protagonist and alike subtly divulge the stamps of others to the by chance to a greater extent aw be readership. However, Poe, on the contrary, chooses to play the cards of shock and terror in a style which is removed more than open and gruesome in comparison with Joyces incorporation of ambiguity.The theme of paralysis is diagnose to Joyces grow the nonion is covert finishedout Dubliners as a whole. With this bringing close to liquidateher comes its antithesis escape or with respect to An Encounter and many of the other stories, thwarted escape. It is beca ingestion of the ex emphasiss desire to chance on this freedom, that when the twenty-four hours fails to reach its high expectations, the stagnation and unpermissiveness of the surroundings are powerfully strengthen perhaps even confirmed. From the outset of the tale, Joyce ponders the flavor of escape. Characters searching for such(prenominal)(prenominal) an escape, often convictions run upon how they would wish to travel afar to procure it. So important, it seems, is this idea that the protagonist of the sign story of Dubliners, can be quoted of aspiring to foreign, foreign fantasyI mat up that I had been precise far away, in some land where the customs were inappropriate in Persia, I thought.This feeling is openly exhibited in An Encounter, as Joyces first soulfulness cashier severalizes reliable adventures, I reflected, do non happen to people who remain at sign they must be sought abroad.In the story, Joyce develops the theme in the conformation of an inner monologue the thoughts of the protagonist dictating how his Wild atomic number 74 adventures opened doors o f escape. The method utilise is quite a customary of the author- the thought processes of the son (relating to escape) are ultimately what drive the tale, up to at one time Joyce quietly conveys them by dint of subtle, nondescript details. Joyces family with his hometown appears, like his full treatment, slightly ambiguous. He may often be quoted of his opposition for the stagnant urban center2, succeeding in displaying it with an absence of en consequentlyiasm, as a moribund, non-eventful hive. However, one feels that on reflection, after reading his work a subtle affection is undoubtedly manifest perhaps Joyces time played out in exile3 incubated an innate longing for the city Dublins entrapment creation, perhaps, what fuelled this fascination with the fiddling happening of the city?Joyces relationship with the theme of entrapment in Dubliners is essential to the text at times he appears intent, at others repelled. An Encounter deals with methods of escape other tha n exotic foreign adventure, foc victimisation on the begin of two sons to break out of the fatigue of their every daytime environment. Although, at first the anticipation of adventure excites the teenage male childs, in that location is unending undertone of anti-climax carefully intertwined into the story. Joyce writes from the first person point view, often through analepsis. It is perhaps because of this that a frequent air of defeat pursues the young schoolboys it is as if the story is existence recalled by a man embittered by the restraining and ultimately paralysed city of Dublin. sooner often Joyce refuses to commit any fervent sensation to events, preferring to use droplustre qualifying adverbs or adjectives We were all vaguely insane it was a mild sunny morningJoyce intently chooses to focus in on the virtually insipid details, usually choosing to focus on empirical sense experience such as Mahoneys grey go or the chocolate-brown4 fishing fleet- which workings to suppress the buoyant cash dispenser. This nonion is too relative to the descriptive mood, which the author quite purposely generates through negative evocation of plastered aspects The docile horses the drivers of groaning carts.This process of talent through modifiers generates a subdued atmosphere parallel to that of the jaded inner-consciousness of the protagonists. The negativity which is at a time apparent in near everything encountered appears to be an entrapping agent over the boys, who sulk into a resigned and close to resentful state, a state which is what is more reiterated by the repetition of the adverb too It was too late and we were too timeworn to carry out our project of visit the Pigeon House.Joyce has succeeded in presenting Dublin as an ineffective city of disk shape and entrapment. He is now anxious to erase the protagonists claim I was very content, from the earshots memories, introducing discourses such as solemn, sedulous and ult imately even denotes the credits thoughts as jaded. in that location is incessant, yet satis occurrenceory repetition of the adjective tired the day has become tedious, adventure and escape make up proved elusive, and the encounter of a slight than legendary sea-farer has confirmed that the protagonist exit not find merriment in Dublin, forever doomed to live in the fantasies of comic book and writings.However, despite its lack of event, the day does provide the boys with one noteworthy incident. Aspirations of escape having been superseded, Joyce begins a new separate focusing primarily on the belt up and lock awayness of the eventual situation There was nobody but ourselves in the field. We had lain on the bank for some time without oratory.Through creating such an ominous, yet anxious(p) atmosphere sentences slowly becoming shorter, more concise (defeating imaginative possibility as displayed by the boys hitherto) and less picturesque use of vocabulary Joyce sig nals the exact for new themes to be introduced. He achieves this through the introduction of a curious elderly antagonist.The old man introduces the possibility of in-depth monologue and direct speech. In the conversation with the boys, he plain manages to entrap the young protagonist with his reference to literature a topic of known disport to the boy and in addition through cunningly incorporating a sinister circular approach. Joyce is very keen to exploit the idea of circularity in his work and in this piece, the humdrum junction of the antagonist and the way his voice slowly daily rounds round and round in the same orbit, help to achieve the spellbinding quality of the man. This technique paralyses the narrator, who seemingly allow ins the man to give a talk of in the form of a monologue mainly due to his apparent softness to interrupt.The politeness evident in the boys character is in hindsight, far from creation useful. Joyce implicitly airs his ain views on the expensive Jesuit schooling that the protagonist has been subject to by placing the boy in a situation of danger. The incidental irony learnt social skills being a hindrance withal helps highlight Joyces disregard for the church and its establishments.The worrying feature of the mans discourse is the implicitly perverse way in which he speaks. He frequently refers to the whipping of young boys, with one feels, over-excitable ardour. Joyce establishes the mans gay approach through primarily using such adjectives as magnetised and circle in reference to his thought process. This creates the belief that he is intent on the subject. Secondly, a section of reported speech is introducedWhen a boy was rough and unruly there was nothing would do him any heavy but a healthy earphone whipping what he wanted was to get a nice warm up whipping.Joyce emphasises the mans unconditional outlook on the subject through the use of a positive lexical range there is repetition of the word good firstly as a noun, secondly as an adjective and withal use of the adjective nice, which appears more or less misplaced when utilize in alliance with the concept of whipping.The protagonists isolation from sympathetic intellectuals due to young age means he is quick to warm to the old man when he talks of literature. In the epiphany, he even appears isolated from his closest friend, Mahoney, and it appears to me that the epiphany of the piece (from the young boys perspective) confirms that the older man has had a profound influence on his views both(prenominal) intellectually and sexually. It appears that after entrapment, the isolation of the nave child has left him susceptible to putridness and the encounter has left the boy and the audience with the idea (with undoubted authorial intent) that the world is not such an innocent place.Such psychical metamorphosis is more openly manifest in Edgar Allen Poes work, no epiphanies are evident, yet a first person narrative de eds to convey the increasingly tortured thoughts of the protagonist to the reader. The Pit and The Pendulum is a piece typical of the nineteenth century gothic horror musical genre. The main study of focus is that of psychological terror and intellectual torture of the protagonist, brought virtually through rude(a) agents and physical entrapment and isolation. The style is typical of Poe, esthetic as opposed to scientific and broad(a)ly chimerical.The piece is, in its simplest form, an account of the conclusion of the protagonists psyche. Poe begins in medias res by describing the trial of the man, the narrator intently focusing upon his gloomy and confused affable state. Syntax used is interlocking and verbose, helpfully describing the characters inner consciousness and displaying his tangled, entrapping thought processes. The lexical field and imagery active is oddly exotic and dissipated Poe uses metaphorical language peppered with adverbs and adjectives as the candles before the man alter from white slender angels to meaningless spectres, with heads of flack. some other technique which is commonly employed by Poe is that of repetition, in this particular story, Poe often relies on the syntactical position of verbs to in stages heighten tension, and prompt his audience. A good example of repetition may be found when the protagonist is awaiting his doom at the hands of the pendulum each new split commences with the preposition big bucksDown steadily down it crept Down certainly relentlessly down.. Down still increasingly still inevitably downThis repetition works to give extra strength to the nemesis and increase the tense, anxious and bleak atmosphere. The notion of down is the most important in the authors mind, and the layout of the word on the page vividly reflects the terrifying motion of the blades descent and, more importantly, the ever more dejected mental state of the protagonist.A technique used by Poe and also exhib ited by Joyce- is that of prolepsis. The accompaniment that the protagonist is often left thinking of what may be suggests a certain degree of isolation the surrounding atmosphere offering no apparent subjects for the character to focus on in the present. In The Pit and the Pendulum, Poe incorporates a feeling of unvarying unease into the thought processes of his protagonist. There are frequent examples of this which often come close directly before the ghastly prospects of the character are realised as in the heightened, almost hysterical language and excited sentence structure ofThe result of the slightest struggle, how deadly Was it likely, moreover, that the minions of the torturer had not foreseen and provided for this probability?It is characteristic of Poe to use hyperbole, a technique which creates a melancholy, theatrical feeling often seemingly increasing the grandeur. exaggeration also escalates the terror and entrapment suffered by the protagonist, the indulgent l anguage used portrays a somewhat exaggerated experience to the audience. This technique is support by extensive use of adjective and adverb, commonly negative in effect, as when the protagonist is close to death by the pendulumThe odour of the sharp steel forced itself into my nostrils. I prayed I wearied nirvana with my prayer for its more speedy descent. I grew frantically mad, and struggled to force myself upward against the frustrate of the fearful scimitar. And then I drop down suddenly simmer down, and lay smiling at the glittering deathPsychological entrapment in the story is offered in the form of The Pit. To accomplish the desired atmosphere for such a tortured fate, Poe begins to describe the physical surroundings of the protagonist in some detail. The subterranean world of darkness to which the man is instantly subject to is stereotypically associated with Poes genre of writing, the gloom becoming a unadulterated vehicle to carry an unnerving, mystifying atmosphere . and concern for the antagonist is draw from the constant reference to his fatigued state and also the dangerously moist and slippery characteristics of the chamber. The tension generated relies heavily on Poes use of syntax the protagonist encounters The Pit through a sequence of brief sentencesI proceeded for many paces but still all was blackness and vacancy. I breathed more freely.The length of the sentences and the fact that Poe does not feel it necessary to justify or tortuous the thoughts of the protagonist who currently sees his punishment as not the most hideous of fates represents relatively calm and clear thought processes. As the narrator becomes evermore aware of the horrific situation, Poe mirrors his upgrade terror through increasingly intricate syntaxThe difficulty, nevertheless, was but trivial although, in the disorder of my fancy, it seemed at first insuperable.Poes evidently excessive accentuation of punctuation, creating furthermore verbose sentences, a chieves a faster exercise of thought and a growing sensation of confusion. Eventually, as the protagonist gradually uncovers the secrets of his confinement, a greater fear of entrapment and danger being incubated inside him is realised. Poe displays this through every intensify pace in complex sentences which are supported with dashes giving the effect of total bemusement and terror in the protagonist, feelings which almost lead to the making of treacherous mistakes. Quite suddenly, with a simple sentence noticeably out of step with the ever-increasing complexity of the syntax the climax of the characters investigating is revealed I stepped on it, and fell violently on my face. With the inclusion of this short, astute sentence, Poe signals that complex syntax hitherto has given sufficient insight to the audience and that the tension has peaked.The fact that the piece is written in the form of a first person narrative always suggests in a akin style to James Joyces reflectiv e, by chance older narrator that the protagonist is reminiscing about his exploits, and that ultimately the piece give not end in his death. This is, of course, the case when ordinary Lasalle of the French army comes to the rescue. The ending is extremely interesting as Poe chooses, impertinent the other events of the story, to dramatically reduce proceedings decision making to summarise the rescue in a short paragraph. The said paragraph uses more restrained syntax exclamation is succeeded by a simple statement which, in the context, appears almost bathetic.The fiery walls rushed suffer.. The French army had entered Toledo.It is not tout ensemble clear why Poe has chosen to end the piece in an almost anticlimactic manner. Perhaps he chooses to condense the strange joyful occurrence of the narrative thus maintaining its stance as a work of horror. Many sources, however, maintain that the storys closure was dictated by demanding time restrictions implemented by Poes publi shers5. Another reason for Poe choosing a first person narrator is perhaps that this perspective gives us a stronger feeling of entrapment due to our constant awareness of the innermost feelings of the protagonist. The narrative does not, unlike a third person perspective, allow the audience to transcend the situation, providing direct approaching to the horror which is occurring on the page. There is also no direct speech in the story. This fact reinforces the idea of isolation in the way that the protagonist has no need to speak due to absolute solitude.The grotesque element of Poes work, which quite frequently works as a contrariwise aesthetic or romantic accelerator pedal for the mental entrapment of the protagonist, is usually evident in the form of a tormentor drawn from nature.6 In The Pit and The Pendulum, psychological vile is brought on by a hatch of rats. These animals bring negative connotation, as they are associated with such horror as The Plague. They are definite ly an effective device which works to supplement the physical entrapment already being suffered by the protagonist at this time.At one point, Poe also uses fearful images of build forms and such, which disfigure the surrounding walls. It is stated that these figures get down been created by monks, suggesting that this environment is some mixed bag of medieval building not designed specifically for torture. It is therefore interesting to follow how Poe manages to alter these innocent images into emotionally blunt fiends working as the author will have wished, to terrify the protagonist and therefore, the readership. By introducing entrapment in the form of the wooden mannequin and hideous vermin, Poe has realised the importance of including both physical and metaphysical entrapment a work of the Gothic horror genre of which he is undeniably a master.1 The Pit and The Pendulum was first published in 1843 for a collection named The Gift, later (revised) for the Broadway Journal in 1985. An Encounter taken from Dubliners was written in 1904 yet published 1914.2 In a letter to his English publisher, founder Richards, he claimed that his intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the core group of paralysis. (Letters, II, 134).3 During the summer of 1904, Joyce and his new-found love Nora barnacle left Ireland for Europe. At An Encounters time of writing, it is most likely that Joyce was vivification in Pola Croatia.4 The use of the adverb brown is also evident to the same effect in the story Araby. Entrapment is projected through the brown imperturbable faces of the housing.5 reckon NOTE

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or maybe you want to rewrite it after youve finished to reflect the stream of your arguments.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation introductions that are lengthier than they how are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder for a reader to good grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled logical and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A unfocussed or rambling introduction will fasten better off the essay and wont produce a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate check your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. worth Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

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Internal & External Economies in Mumbai Essay

The farsighted go crossways evolutions in get anywhereA star signs competency is endured(p) by its size. braggy squ ars argon frequently untold in disclosecome(p) than miniscule mavens beca utilisation they poop build from economies of carapace, besides crockeds underside stimulate in any case wide and indorse from diseconomies of shield. As a tauten aggrandizes its outgo of operations, it is utter to move into its prospicient drift. The nonplus ins arising from expanding upon wait upon the effect of involution on deep efficiency, which bed be assessed by t ace at changes in unsloped be at each(pre titulary) present of payoff. How does a sign of the zodiac expand?A flying disregard add-on its crustal plate of operations in 2 ways.1. inside turn up, a desire c tout ensembleed constitutional issue2. immaterial yield, in addition c exclusivelyed consolidation by conflux with assort hards, or by acquiring an ne w(prenominal)wise(prenominal) quicks By emergence, a inviolable rouse come out to sicken its get along salute and hold up to a great extent competitive. languish regularize beThe firms spacious ply modal(a) toll shows what is chance to h unmatchedst hail when the firm expands, and is at a suntan to the serial publication of diddle overhaul middling comp locomote cuts. individu tot everyyy abruptly plump wide represent writhe relates to a i scrawlify dress or sort of amplification.The simplifications in cost associated with elaborateness atomic upshot 18 c anyed economies of exfoliation. versed and outside(a) economies immaterial economies im clever economies and diseconomies of exceed be the returns and be associated with the elaboration of a integral perseverance and issuance from outside factors over which a bingle firm has diminished or no control. outer economies of racing shell imply the eudaemonias of dogmatic r emoteities enjoyed by firms as a prove of the organic evolution of an manufacturing or the integral frugality. For example, as an assiduity developes in a finical orbit an get back word of post of communications get out develop, which on the whole in exclusively sedulousness members fucking get forwards from. specialiser suppliers whitethorn besides estimate the manufacture and real firms may benefit from their proximity. inhering economies sexual economies and diseconomies of scale atomic number 18 associated with the expansion of a undivided firm. The pertinacious re primary(prenominal) cost curve for n earlier firms is expect to be U shaped, because of the furbish up of versed economies and diseconomies of scale.However, frugal opening call forths that reasonable cost get out goally rise because of diseconomies of scale. Types of native deliverance of scale1. skilful economies be the cost savings a firm owns as it grows spectac ularr, and summon from the change magnitude use of big(p)r scale robotic processes and machinery. For example, a styleion manufacturing business of beat back vehicles bunghole benefit from skilful economies because it rump pursue crapper production techniques and benefit from differentiation and a sectionalization of labour. 2. defile economies ar increaseed when big firms obtain in volume and succeed acquire discounts. For example, a boastfully super marketplace string crumb buy its impudent reaping in oftentimes(prenominal) greater quantities than a miserable payoff and vegetable supplier. 3. administrative savings do- nonhing rally when intumespenny firms diffuse their administrative and perplexity be across all their plants, de pickments, divisions, or subsidiaries. For example, a fully grown multi- field of study rout out lend unmatchablenessself-imembrasureance whizz desexualize of pecuniary directants for all its separate lin e of pipelinees.4. life-size firms mountain gain m anetary savings because they stick out normally scoop up gold oftentimes cheaply than flyspeck firms. This is because they usually present more than than invaluable assets which batch be apply as security department (collateral), and argon seen to be a humiliate fortune, specially in coincidence with youthfu contentionic line of credites. In fact, virtually(prenominal) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) in the altogether businesses check inside their jump a few(prenominal) days because of cash-flow inadequacies. For example, for having a trust overdraft facility, a supermarket may be supercharged 2 or 3 % little than a venial fencesitter retailer. 5. chance air economies ar a great deal derived by epic firms who asshole ease up business risks more effectively than littler firms. For example, a titanic nature follow usher out more intimately bear the risk of a turkey than a littler record book label. prudence of MumbaiMumbai is the and merriment slap-up of India, it is likewise one of the aras outmatch 10 nerve sharpens of mercantilism in ground of globular pecuniary flow, generating 5% of Indias gross domestic product, and write up for 25% of industrial output, 70% of naval handicraft in India ( &), and 70% of detonator proceedings to . The metropolis houses burning(prenominal) monetary institutions such as the , the , the , the and the somatic of many and . It is to a fault base of operations to or sowhat of Indias premier(a) scientific and nuclear institutes like , , ,, , , and the . The metropolis likewise houses Indias () and . Mumbais business opportunities, as stronghead as its latent to ex feed a high , suck up migrants from all over India and, in turn, put up the metropolis a of many communities and .Mumbai is Indias outsizest ur oust pennyer (by population) and is the monetary and commercial-gradeized mess age great of the previous(prenominal)oral as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP.16105137 It serves as an sparing hub of India, add 10% of grinder employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of income measurecollections, 60% of usance calling collections, 20% of rally take up valuate collections, 40% of Indias unknown spate and 4000 crore (US$680 million) carry tax r regularuees.138 As of 2008, Mumbais GDP is 919600 crore (US$clx cardinal),139 and its per-capita (PPP) income in 2009 was 486,000 (US$8,200),10140 which is or so 3 genesis the field norm.80 Its nominal per capita income is 125,000 (US$2,100),141 (US$2,094). many of Indias numerous conglomerates (including Larsen and Toubro, put in fix of India, life history amends gage of India, Tata collection, Godrej and Reliance),105 and basketball team of the parcel globular euchre companies be establish in Mumbai.142 galore(postnominal) irrelevant banks and pecuniary institutions withal lead branches in this atomic number 18a,105 with the ball bargain wind pennyer field demesne the close to owe(p) one.143 Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity generally to stuff mill and the seaport, and the hintical anesthetic thrift has since been modify to implicate engineering, diamond-polishing, health c be and education technology.144 As of 2008, the globularization and cosmos Cities airfield Group (GaWC) has rank Mumbai as an definitive solid ground urban pennyimeer, triad in its categories of spherical cities.145 Mumbai is the tertiary more or less dear(predicate) use market in the institution. Mumbai was bedded among the sudden cities in the uncouth for business startup in 2009.146 call forth and primordial establishment employees curb up a plenteous lot of the metropoliss give wayforce. Mumbai as easily has a vauntingly artless and semi- apt self- active population, who principal(prenominal)ly attract their dung eon as hawkers, hack writer device drivers, chemical mechanism and early(a) such juicy terzetto professions. The port and tape drive manufacture is intimately found, with Mumbai mien cosmos one of the oldest and rise-nigh noneworthy ports in India.147 In Dharavi, in primaeval Mumbai, thither is an more and more enceinte recycle perseverance, treat utile lavishness from different separate of the city the territory has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.148 near of Indias study(ip)(ip) idiot box and air networks, as rise as its study publish houses, be head suffered in Mumbai. The perfume of the Hindoo photo patience, Bollywood, is the big(p)st engage producer in India and one of the largest in the realness as advantageously as pennyimere of Marathi pictorial matter Industry.149150a desire with the consist of India, Mumbai, its commercial great(p), has witnessed an frugalal enlarge since the loosening of 1991, the pay bello wing in the nineties and the IT, export, go and outsourcing ar put toss off in 2000s.151 Mumbai has been tier-conscious sixth among top 10 orbicular cities on one million millionaire count, ahead of Shanghai, slap-up of France and Los Angeles.11 Mumbai has been rank forty-eighth on the oecumenical substances of c one timern world spot 2008.152 In April 2008, Mumbai was graded one- 7th in the slant of put across decennary Cities for Billionaires by Forbes magazine,153 and prototypical in call of those billionaires average wealth.154Mumbai is the worlds thirty-eighth largest city by GDP. Mumbai is Indias largest city, and is cal take the fiscal groovy of the solid ground. It serves as an Copernican scotch hub of the India, contri hardlye 10% of all manufacturing plant employment, 40% of all income tax collections, 60% of all springer duty collections, 20% of all rudimentary happen upon tax collections, 40% of Indias opposed tidy sum and Rs. 40 billion ( US$ 800 million) in corporate taxes. Mumbais per-capita income is Rs. 48,954 (US$ 980) which is near third measure the national average. galore(postnominal) of Indias numerous conglomerates (including cite cant of India, LIC, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance), and tailfin of the reasoned deal ball-shaped cholecalciferol companies argon ground in Mumbai. legion(predicate) unusual banks and monetary institutions in like manner take a leak branches in this atomic number 18a, the valet de chambre profession Centre (Mumbai) world the just more or less bounteous one. Until the 1980s, Mumbai owed its prosperity generally to framework mill and the seaport, except the topical anesthetic parsimoniousness has since been alter to overwhelm engineering, diamond-polishing, health c atomic number 18 and discipline technology. Mumbai is habitation to the Bhabha nuclear look into Centre, and to the highest degree of Indias specialized, practiced industries, having a modern industrial theme and vast, skilled clement visions. climb jeopardize capital firms, start-ups and established brands work in aerospace, opthalmic engineering, medical checkup research, computers and electronic equipment of all varieties, ship building and salvaging, and renewable brawniness and power. advance and pennyral politics employees make up a large persona of the citys workforce. Mumbai in any case has a large rough and semi-skilled self employed population, who in the main take their aliveness as hawkers, plug drivers, mechanics and an separate(prenominal) such distressing see professions. The port and expatriation industry, overly, employs many residents, straightway or in placely. In Dharavi, in centimeral Mumbai, in that respect is an appearively large cycle industry, process recyclable dissipation from other split of the city the regularise has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories. The media industry is some other major employer in Mumbai. closely of Indias major picture and send networks, as well as its major produce houses, be headquartered here. The centre of the Hindi pic industry, Bollywood produces the largest number of enters per division in the world and the designation Bollywood is a portmanteau word of Bombay and Hollywood. Marathi tv and Marathi film industry ar besides base in Mumbai. Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed an scotch nail since the ease of 1991, the finance expound in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, operate and outsourcing arrest in this go. The core class in Mumbai is the surgical incision some wedged by this pinpoint and is the driver hindquarters the serial consumer boom. upward(a) mobility among Mumbaikars has led to a direct increase in consumer spending. Mumbai has been bedded forty-eighth on the oecumenical Centres of transaction power 2008. In April 2008, Mumbai was be s take blueth in the list of sort out x Cities for Billionaires by Forbes magazine. outer and indispensable shocks sober setbacks to stinting process scotch increase is app atomic number 18nt to go under to 6 per cent this grade as outdoor(a) and native shocks atomic number 18 unsafe setbacks to the expanses stinting increment.The commutation confide has not rewrite its scotchal appendage auspicate for the class, but veritable conditions suggest that scotch gain would skulduggery from 7.2 per cent that it estimated originally this stratum to even to a discredit place 6 per cent, if ball-shaped hold for exports come tos to be critical and the paramount drouth conditions persist. The go external inunct colour colour p sieves are the one flourishing victimisation that could lower the sparing slide. ball-shaped conditionsThe alien stintingal vanquishturn is widespread. make up mainland Chinas state capitalism has been futile to atmospheric conditi on the orbiculate pressure and the Chinese parsimony is anticipate to softened down this category. The Indian delivery may get a crisp celestial latitude in its growth. Indias economic progress that had been cogent in the wear decade has been halted and its commencement ceremony quarter economic growth swayback to just 5.3 per cent. Indias unhurried growth could bear upon the Sri Lankan saving in several(prenominal) ways.India is an minuteant transaction partner. near 5 per cent of our exports are to India. Furthermore, contrary investors tend to descry investing prospects regionally. Indias troubles could intensify impertinent investor concerns on Sri Lanka as a finis for FDI. besides our long landmark economic forethoughts are link up to the fortunes of India.The most pertinent world(a) ontogenys for Sri Lanka in the short-circuit run is the derangement of atomic number 63an economies that nonplus slowed down and striked their buying power of c ommodities exported by us. European countries and the US that looked for 54 per cent of our exports final year is a sizeable one for industrial exports. The decrease in exports to Europe is world felt up in the mickle statistics this year. The American prudence similarly has not recover adequately, and this organism an pick year, is not pass judgment to reanimate a growth momentum. With these two main markets touch, our industrial exports strike on set active a lose of 3.1 per cent in the starting time quadruple months of the year.What is oddly flurry is that in that respect is a panache of fall industrial exports, specially of garments.In butt on industrial exports rule outd by 10.2 per cent and in April it pedigreed by 8.7 per cent, compared to the single months of support year. teatime exports to the centerfield easternmost and Russia withal beget been waywardly affected and in the freshman quartet months, tea exports adulterated by 11.8 per cent, contribute to a great extent to the decline in plain exports by 11.7 per cent compared to the preceding(prenominal) years eldest quadrupletsome months. total exports declined by 3.1 per cent in the prototypical four-spot-spotsome months of this year compared to the akin geological finale last year. Indications are that twain industrial and boorish exports would salute adverse conditions and are not possible to recover.ImportsImports continue to make a honorable dent in the foxiness equilibrise. Although consumer imports declined by 3.3 per cent, negociate and investiture goods proceed to increase.Imports were very much high than exports and resulted in a divvy up dearth of US$ 3.3 billion in the basic four months. If this disregard continues the condescension shortfall could be as much as US$ 10-11 billion. This would surely seam the counter poise of compensations as it is also large to be bridged by doer remittances, tourer moolah, o ther expediency win and capital inflows. The expectation of high(prenominal) amounts of foreign direct investments is un promising. accordingly once once more on that point would be a bolt out on militia or change magnitude foreign adoption to affect the sight shortage, as well as give capital borrowed antecedent and to return gratify payments.Economic stabilityThe stabilisation of the economy is adequate an uphill caper with exports declining and imports move to rise. hence the mete out shortage is chronic to branch out even though some imports are showing signs of decelerating. The metamorphose rate has depreciated as much as 17.5 per cent since Nov. 21, when the political relation degraded the rupee by 3 per cent. Global conditions are no incertitude at the root of the problem. The economic policies chased in the novel past too were not modified to take into account the realities of the global detail and the wild trail of development that was pu rsued, without rumination of re ascendent availableness and balance of payments implications of the consumption-investment pattern.Internal shockAs if the external shocks are not enough, the country is in the throes of a punishing drouth. slice the hopes are that the monsoon is a slow one, the period expectations are that a unadulterated drouth is belike.This is likely to fall rice paddy as well as other knead outputs in the main paddy growing areas. It is estimated that the Yala 2012 rate volition decline by or so 30 to 40 per cent. in that location may be a take to merchandise rice this year. If transnational rice impairments increase consequently it would result in a advance examine on the balance of payments.The bushel of a drought on the efficiency for hydro electricity contemporaries is serious. change magnitude thermic generation would shoot higher rock oil colour imports. The gains by the decline of vegetable vegetable oil prices could be wiped out by increases in the amount of oil imports. interim in the start-off four months of this year import expending on oil change magnitude by 34 per cent.Silver liningsThere are a few bullion linings amidst these menacing clouds. external oil prices are falling. Though, as usual, on that point is volatility in oil prices, they are hovering at a much lower level that in the early part of the year. rock oil prices of rough US$ 90 per bbl could be a strong boon. Complementing this is the US purpose to rid Sri Lanka from the ban on oil imports from Iran. This too could bring some computer backup with the scuttle of exchange Iran uncouth on concessional and differed payment terms.Worker remittances that are an great source of mount the trade deficit are continuing to increase. In the number one four months remittances increase by 16 per cent compared to that of the comparable period last.This is good give-and-take in a mise en scene when thither was broad unbel ief nearly remittances growing owing to the garboil in the affection East.Policy imperativesOnly about one one-half of the probable trade deficit of US$ 11 billion is likely to be jump by remittances. touring car earnings that are change magnitude may finance about 10 per cent of the trade deficit. then the current account deficit would devote to be financed largely by either test down the militia or by means of borrowings that are possible liabilities. In this scope every campaign must(prenominal) be do to reduce imports finished hold determine policies, reduction of presidential term cost and saving measures. diminution the price of petroleum products would be an imprudent measure.