Possible Future Strategies for Research in Motion Essay

Possible Future Strategies for Research in Motion - Essay Example The major competitors of RIM in the segment of mobile operating system platforms comprise of Nokia Corporation (Symbian), Apple Inc (iOS), Microsoft Corporation (Windows Phone), HTC Corporation, Google Inc (Android) and Motorola (Research in Motion (a), 2012,p.9). This is a highly competitive market and in recent years RIM has experienced a progressively declining market share that has led the organization to a current crisis situation. Currently, the organization is tasked with making large-scale strategic changes or even potentially prepare for sale or takeover (De la Merced 2012). In terms of recent developments, the next generation systems (4G) like HSPA+, WiMax and LTE were commercially introduced for the first time in 2011 (Research in Motion (a), 2012, p.10).. The wireless communication industry is also observing the union of computing with personal entertainment competences on wireless communications gadgets throughout the world. In the present day market, almost all the Blac kBerry Smartphones include multimedia facilities that consist of music, playback, video recording, camera, and entrà ©e to content, games and other applications (Research in Motion (a), 2012, p.10). Increasingly, however, tablet technology has come to dominate the wireless market. The tablet, as originally released through Apple’s iPad, operates as a medium between handheld Smartphone’s and the larger-scale laptop. PEST is an ellipsis for political, economic, social, and technological analysis. The political issues in the analysis generally comprise of government policies pertaining to the industry, tax regulations, laws and policies, trade limitations and duties among others (Wheelen et al, 2008, p. 58). In comparison to other industrialised countries, the United States has the maximum corporate tax rate. The tax rates pertaining in the developing countries are much lower than that of the US, where RIM predominantly operates. A deduction in the tax rate would have en abled the management of RIM to have more cash to pay out dividends or reinvest.  

Festivals and Events. The New Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Festivals and Events. The New Age - Essay Example This concept has become so popular in recent years, however, that there is now the danger of having a glut of such events that are aimed at the same demographic group (Santino, 2009). This has been a most interesting development in regards to the creation of even more specialized festivals and events that are truly unique to one particular geographical region. This is showing great signs of success and is likely to be a trend that will continue into the future. This report at three different such festivals and events in the nations of England, Wales, and Scotland. Focused on will be the background to such events, the type of tourist that is target, and its economic and tourism related benefits that are arising in the region as a result. 2. The Green Man Festival - Wales 2.1 Festival Background The Green Man Music Festival is generally held over a four day period in the Black Mountains of Wales. It has been in existence for only ten years and was formed in response to the increasing d esire to host a truly independent music festival within the region. It is quite an eclectic event that definitely appeals to a particular demographic group. The event was the brainchild one family from Wales, and the festival now truly takes on a family type atmosphere, as many of the visitors come year after year, creating a reunion type atmosphere. The festival itself is designed to have quite an intimate feel to it, yet it has multiple attractions and performers to keep things going around the clock. The location itself is also another unique component of the festival, as it is in the wilderness, yet is only 3 hours away from either London, Manchester, or Brighton, and only 90 minutes away from Bristol. The developers and designers of this particular festival wanted to provide a unique and different experience, realizing that not everyone can travel to multiple festivals each and every year. From the reality that this is one of the only festivals in the entire United Kingdom to h ave a 24-hour alcohol beverage license to the reality that they have developed many options for children to enjoy as well, the Green Man Festival has developed a truly niche market that has positioned itself for future growth despite its young age. 2.2 Linkage to Tourism Development (Visitor Numbers and Economic Impact) The Green Man Festival began as a small and intimate event on the Wales calendar, but today is by far the largest music festival in the country. The first year, the festival attracted 300 people, yet it received rave reviews from most in attendance, and the festival even had to move locations in its second year in order to accommodate all of the interest. Now in its tenth year, the Green Man Festival attracts more than 15,000 people annually, and its economic impact is felt far and wide. While the event itself has grown into four days of music and festivities, permission has recently been granted to allow attendees to remain on the festival ground for an entire seven days (Frost & Laing, 2013). This has allowed the surrounding areas in Wales to benefit from this tourist event as well, as thousands of travelers now descend on the region annually. The Green Man Festival is about more than just music. The organizers of the event have created an event that is known region wide as being non-corporate and ethnically minded. They have

Direct discrimination Essay Example for Free

Direct discrimination Essay Direct discrimination is intended by an individual usually due to a person’s background, culture, personality, race, disability, gender, religion, belief, sexual orientation, age. Indirect discrimination refers to applying a provision, criterion or practice which disadvantages people of a particular group. Direct discrimination may occur in a care home by a service provider only supporting a female, only support someone of their own culture and refuse to give personal care to males or not include everyone in a group activity. Indirect discrimination may occur in a way whereby a service provider is thinking everyone drinks tea so only offer tea, by giving a service user a shower daily but not offering a bath or see if they would prefer just a wash or not making reasonable adjustment which can exclude individuals with disabilities. By supporting an individual’s diversity by recognising their differences and valuing them and their individuality, by supporting individuals equality, treating a person equally, by including them in all group activities and encouraging individuals to express their views and opinions, by not treating anyone differently due to their background, ethnicity, culture, race, age, sexual orientation, personality, disability, religion, beliefs and gender and overall promoting good practice and prevent/stop the likelihood of abuse. When we work in an inclusive way we are openly communicating with people by, getting to know what their preferences are and building trust. When a person has someone they trust, they become less of a victim, less likely to be discriminated against. Discrimination can be challenged in adult social care settings by providing the appropriate training to make everyone aware of how to prevent and control discrimination.

Effect Of Exercise On Arterial Blood Pressure

Effect Of Exercise On Arterial Blood Pressure The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effects of different intensity of exercise on heart rate and arterial blood pressure in young healthy human subjects. Jumping jack exercise is used in this experiment by increasing the frequency of jumping which are 5, 10, 20, 25 and 30 cycles continuously for 5 sessions. The HR and BP were measured before and after the exercise for the study of hypothesis. Data showed that there is an increase in HR and BP among the subjects. Furthermore, with increasing intensity of exercise, the difference between the values before and after exercise also increased. However, diastolic blood pressure did not show any significant difference. The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and circulatory system. The heart pumps blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of our body. Oxygen and nutrients are delivered by the blood to every cell of the body. On the other hand, carbon dioxide and waste materials are removed by the blood. It is important to understand the cardiovascular system in order to fully comprehend the physiological effects of exercise on the human body.1 The illustration shows the front surface of a heart, including the coronary arteries and major blood vessels. The heart is a myogenic muscular organ which acts like a pump to continuously send blood to our body cells. It has the shape of an upsided pear. The heart is located between the lungs in the middle of our chest. It has a double-layered membrane called a pericardium. The pericardium acts to protect the heart. The outer pericardium layer is attached by ligaments to our diaphragm and other parts of our body. The inner pericardium layer is attached to the heart muscle. There exists a coating of fluid separating the two layers of the membrane. This allows the heart to move as it beats and yet still be attached to our body.3 In this project, we would like to study the effects of exercise on heart rate and blood pressure. The formulated hypothesis is that exercise will cause an increase in heart rate, an increase in systolic blood pressure and a slight decrease or fairly constant diastolic blood pressure. Heart rate Heart rate is defined by the number of heartbeats per unit time, in minutes. The heart rate of a human being may change depending on the need for oxygen. When oxygen dependency increases, the heart rate increases. When oxygen dependency decreases, heart rate decreases. Heart rate is measured by counting the pulse of the body.4 Blood pressure Blood pressure is defined as the force applied on the walls of the arteries as blood is pumped throughout the body. Pressure is determined by the force and amount of blood being pumped and also determined by the size and flexibility of the arteries. Blood pressure is affected by many factors such as the individuals daily routine, diet, emotional state and posture.5 Blood pressure is measured by a device called the sphygmomanometer. It measures the magnitude of pressure required to block blood flow through an artery. Pressure is applied by the sphygmomanometer which cuffs a persons arm.6 The ideal blood pressure is below 120 over 80 (120/80). The systolic pressure is the number above and the diastolic pressure is the number below. Systolic blood pressure is defined as the blood pressure when the heart is contracting. Specifically, it is the highest arterial pressure during contraction of the left heart ventricle. Diastolic pressure on the other hand measures the pressure exerted by the heart when the heart is at rest. The mean arterial pressure is the average blood pressure of an individual. It can be determined by the following formula: MAP = DP + 1/3(SP DP)7 SP = Systolic pressure DP = Diastolic pressure Protocol From the group of 14 individuals, one individual is selected to take measurements of blood pressure and heart rate of the remaining 13 individuals. The 13 subjects consist of 3 males and 10 females, with an average BMI of 19.49. Firstly, the heart rate and blood pressure of the first individual was measured. Then, 5 cycles of the modified jumping jacks were performed. After the 5 cycles of exercise was performed, the subject was required to sit in an upright position, where blood pressure and heart rate was measured. The subject was also given 3 minutes as resting time. After the resting period, the first individual carried on with an increment of 5 cycles of the same exercise up until 20 cycles.(i.e.: 5 cycles, 10 cycles, 15 cycles, 20 cycles) This was done with the remaining 12 subjects. Standardization Anticipatory period All subjects were required to sleep at least 7 hours before the day of the exercise. No caffeine and alcohol diet has to be consumed 3 hours before the exercise. Subjects were required to eat one banana and one energy bar cracker 3 hours before the exercise was conducted. Proper sports attire was worn by all 13 participants. 5 minutes of resting period was given to each subject. Subjects were required to sit in an upright position while resting. Hand phones were switched off to avoid interruptions while doing exercise. Laughing and eating are prohibited during exercise for more accurate readings. Lastly, all subjects were in good health during exercise and are not under influence of any drugs. Exercise period During the exercise, activities such as laughing, talking and vigorous movements are not allowed. All candidates must keep their hands straight while doing jumping jacks, and must squat completely throughout the course of the exercise. The beat of the metronome was set at 84 beats per minute. Resting period All subjects were not allowed to consume any beverages and no other movements were allowed except the exercise mentioned. A resting period of 3 minutes was given to each subject. The same stopwatch was used to measure the resting period. Heart rate and blood pressure measurement Only 1 person was assigned to measure the blood pressure and heart rate of the 13 participants. Initial heart rate and blood pressure was performed 1 minute before the exercise was conducted. After conducting the exercise, heart rate and blood pressure was measured immediately. The heart rate was measured first followed by blood pressure. All subjects were required to sit in an upright position while getting their heart rate measured. The same sphygmomanometer and stethoscope were used to measure the subjects blood pressure. Methods to measure heart rate and blood pressure Heart rate Firstly, the palm side of the subject was turned facing up. The index finger was placed on the wrist of the subject, approximately 1 inch below the base of the subjects hand. The index finger is pressed down in the grove between the middle tendons and outside bone. A throbbing pulse should be felt. The number of beats was counted for 30 seconds, and multiplied by 2. This will give a heart rate of 1 minute.8 Blood pressure The sphygmomanometer was inflated to a little above 180mm Hg. This collapses the major arteries of the arm. Air is released by turning the air valve. The pressure should drop. When the first throbbing sound was heart, the systolic blood pressure was recorded. The sound heard following the first throbbing sound is the sound of blood flowing through the artery of the arm. This means the systolic blood pressure is higher than the pressure in the blood pressure cuff. The air valve continues to be released until no sound is heard. When no more sound is heard, the diastolic blood pressure is recorded.10 Exercise description Firstly, both feet are put together, with hands down on both sides. Candidates are required to jump to move both feet apart while both hands are raised 90 degrees from the body. They are required to jump again to move feet together and bring both hands together over the head by clapping. The exercise subjects then return to the 2nd position, where both feet are apart and both hands are 90 degrees from the body. Next, candidates then return to the initial position. Lastly, the candidate is required to squat once and then return to position one. Only after performing each of these steps is one cycle considered. Preparation Banana, energy bar cracker, metronome and stopwatch were prepared before the experiment. Type of exercise The exercise is a modified version of jumping jack. All subjects were required to complete the exercise based on the speed set by the metronome. Test subjects 3 male and 10 female students were chosen to carry out this experiment. The subjects are healthy individuals who do not smoke and do alcohol. The mean body weight was 57.69kg and the mean height was 165.19cm. Location of exercise IMU, Skills Centre. Apparatus Sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, stopwatch and metronome Interpretation of results Statistical test The one-way ANOVA turkey test was used to determine whether there were any difference in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and mean arterial pressure between the number of cycles of exercise. Null hypothesis: There is no difference in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure before and after exercise. Alternate hypothesis: There is a difference in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure before and after exercise. (Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure increases, diastolic blood pressure remains the same or decreases slightly) Result interpretation From the results for table 2, it can be seen that the rate of heart rate increases when the number of cycles of exercise increases. Statistically, from the one-way ANOVA turkey test, the calculated p-value for heart rate was lesser than 0.05. If the calculated p-value was lesser than 0.05, this implies that there is a significant difference in heart rate between the number of cycles of exercise. From the graph obtained in figure 1, it can be seen that the heart rate increases steadily when the number of cycles of exercise increases. From the results for table 3, the result is similar to the result of table 2. Systolic blood pressure increases when the number of cycles of exercise increases. From the one-way ANOVA turkey test, the calculated p-value for heart rate was also lesser than 0.05. This implies a significant difference in heart rate between the numbers of cycles of exercise. From figure 1, it can be seen that the heart rate increases steadily when the number of cycles of exercise increases. From the results for table 4, the diastolic blood pressure decreases when the number of cycles of exercise increases. From the one-way ANOVA turkey test, the calculated p-value for diastolic blood pressure was also lesser than 0.05. This implies a significant difference in diastolic blood pressure between the numbers of cycles of exercise. From the figure, it can also be deduced that diastolic blood pressure decreases, however only slightly when the number of cycles of exercise increases. From the results for table 5, the mean arterial blood pressure seems equal throughout the cycles of exercise. When calculating the p-value using one-way ANOVA turkey test, the p-value was higher than 0.05. This implies there is no significant difference in the mean arterial blood pressure between the numbers of cycles of exercise. From the figure, it can also be deduced that the mean arterial pressure doesnt undergo any change as the number of cycles of exercise increases. Discussion Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Heart Rate The heart rate for an individual is 60 to 100 beats per minute. Heart rate per minute will increase depending on the frequency of physical activities the individual carry out. During exercise, muscles undergo aerobic respiration which requires constant oxygen supply. This is because the level of carbon dioxide in the blood increases due to the rising cell respiration of the muscles. Thus, the lack of oxygen results in a huge rush of oxygen intake through the lungs. An impulse is then sent to the sinoatrial (SA) node which causes the heart to beat faster. The increased oxygen intake activates the oxidation of lactic acid into carbon dioxide to be carried away. As a result, the muscles will produce the most amount of energy per mole aerobically.10 Oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions (H+) are detected by chemoreceptors which are located at the medulla oblongata and parts of the peripheral nervous system. When exercising, H+ increases due to the excess carbon dioxide. A rise in H+ concentration activates the chemoreceptors which in turn send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase breathing rate. Hence, heart rate increases. On the other hand, the lack of oxygen also causes a rise in breathing rate. The peripheral chemoreceptors are activated when large oxygen is reduced. Signals are then sent to the inspiratory centre to increase the breathing rate, and thus heart rate.11 Besides, lactic acid which dissociates into lactate and H+ during anaerobic respiration when exercising also results in a rise is H+ concentration. This in turn increases the heart rate by the same mechanism discussed above.12 Heart rate can also be altered by autonomic nervous system. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes an increase in heart rate as well as other factors such as stroke volume and systemic vasoconstriction.13 The stimulated sympathetic nervous system also acts to release glucose from the liver for energy. During exercise, heart rate rises rapidly due to the activation of sympathetic nervous system.14 Apart from that, the stimulated sympathetic nerves also release catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. They work to cause the heart to beat faster by increasing the depolarization of sinus node. This increase of heart rate is known as tachycardia.15 Furthermore, the contractility of the heart muscles will also increase through binding of catecholamines with alpha-adrenegic receptors on the smooth muscles.16 The parasympathetic nervous system opposes the sympathetic nervous system which slows the heart rate especially when physical exertion such as exercise is over. This is due to the release of hormone acetylcholine which hyperpolarizes the membrane and inhibits heart rate. The slowing of heart rate is known as bradycardia.17 When resting after strenuous exercise, both autonomic nervous systems still work continuously to send impulses to the SA node. However, inhibitory is dominance over excitatory. As a result, vagal tone is said to be exhibited by the heart. In addition, if the vagal nerves are not innervating the heart, the heart rate will be slower than it would be.16, 18 Other than that, atrial reflex or known as Bainbridge reflex is initiated during exercise. This reflex involves in increasing the venous return and blood congestion in the atria. By stimulating the SA node and baroreceptor in the atria, the atrial walls are stretched which add on to the force as well as heart rate. As a result, the reflex action leads to a rise in sympathetic stimulation of the heart which in turn increases the heart rate.19 Another factor which contributes to an increase in heart rate is the body temperature. Metabolic rate increases during exercise. This causes the body temperature to rise when the metabolism in the body release energy as heat.15Consequently, sympathetic output at the heart will increase due to the impulses sent by the thermoreceptors to the somatosensory cortex and thus heart rate increase.18 Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Systolic Blood Pressure In this experiment, 13 subjects were required to perform a modified version of jumping jacks at different intensity levels. The exercise was performed in cycles where increased cycles of jumping jacks will increase the intensity of the exercise. The mean blood pressure of an individual depends on the amount of blood flow from the heart throughout the body and the net resistance of blood flow in the arteries of the body. Blood pressure is calculated via the following formula: BP = CO x PVR where, BP= blood pressure CO= Cardiac Output PVR=Peripheral vascular resistance During exercise, exercising muscles produces more carbon dioxide, thus this increases the blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the human body. As PCO2 increases, the need of oxygen intake into the human body increases. Oxygen consumption increases when PO2 decreases. Since oxygen is carried by the blood in the form of oxyhaemoglobin, therefore, the body would need to pump in more oxygen to accommodate for the lack of oxygen.20 From the equation BP = CO x PVR, increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. As systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart is contracting, therefore the systolic blood pressure should increase with increasing exercise. During exercise, the systolic blood pressure of each experiment subject is seen to be increasing throughout each cycles of the exercise. From the table, it can be seen that the mean systolic blood pressure increased from 106.5 at resting blood pressure up to 135.5 when the exercise was conducted at 20 cycles. Thus, the experiment supports the claim that exercise increases systolic blood pressure. Effect of aerobic exercise on diastolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure is the blood pressure when the heart is relaxing. It is the blood pressure of our artery walls between heart beats. Diastolic blood pressure is affected mainly by blood volume, stroke volume and heart rate.21 Stroke volume (SV) is the difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV). It is related by the following equation: SV = EDV ESV22 EDV is the volume of blood before the heart contracts and ESV is the volume of blood left in the heart after it contracts. Therefore, SV is the net volume of blood pumped out by the heart in 1 heart beat. During exercise, oxygen consumption increases, therefore the amount of blood needed to pump throughout the body also increases, therefore stroke volume increases during exercise. During exercise, the temperature of the human body increases. When this happens, the body undergoes negative feedback by dilating the arteries in the body. Vasodilation happens to increase the blood supply to around the tissues and also to take away heat from the body. Therefore, during exercise, cardiac output increases whereas peripheral vascular resistance decreases due to vasodilation. Thus, this causes the diastolic blood pressure to remain fairly constant throughout, or decrease slightly. From the experiment, the diastolic blood pressure decreases slightly over the course of exercise. As exercise was conducted, vasodilation could explain the lowering of diastolic blood pressure throughout the exercise. Effect of aerobic exercise on Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) MAP is the average pressure of blood exerted on the walls of the arteries during the whole cardiac cycle. MAP is the product of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. During exercise, cardiac output increases to meet the metabolic needs of skeletal muscles.23Total peripheral resistance on the other hand decreases due to vasodilation of blood vessels. However, total resistance of systemic circulation is kept constant due to constriction of arterioles in visceral organs such as the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, MAP increases in exercise due to the large increase in cardiac output.7 The equation to derive mean arterial pressure is as follow: MAP = DBP + 1/3 (SBP-DBP)7 Throughout the exercise, systolic blood pressure increases dramatically whereas diastolic blood pressure remains fairly constant or decreases slightly. Therefore, this elevates mean arterial pressure. From the experiment, the mean arterial pressure is fairly constant throughout the experiment. This could be due to the inaccuracy of the measured diastolic blood pressure. Besides that, the exercise could also be switched into a stress test, where subjects are required to perform physical exertion to their limits. A stress test could clearly show mean arterial pressure difference because cardiac output would be at its maximum. From the results obtained, it can be seen that the mean arterial pressure is fairly constant throughout the experiment. This could be due to the inaccuracy of the measured diastolic blood pressure. Besides that, the steady decrease in diastolic blood pressure could also override the increase in systolic blood pressure, thus causing the result of mean arterial pressure to remain constant throughout the experiment. Limitations Due to the limitations of the experiment, the obtained results were not that consistent and accurate when compared to the theoretical results. First of all, the sample size is rather too small and insufficient for statistical interpretation as it consists of just 13 members in the experiment. Gender factor affects the obtained results too. This is due to the imbalance number of females and males in the sample which is 2 males and 11 females. As different genders have different metabolism rate, this contributes to unwanted errors in the results. 10 Other than that, the resting period in between each set of experiment was inadequate due to time constrain. The heart rate and blood pressure were not allowed to return to the resting level before the consequent experiment is carried out. In addition, due to two different people in measuring the heart rate and blood pressure, it leads to variations in determination of the final readings of the results. There might also be confusion of auditory and visual cues especially when hearing for the diastolic pressure. Further Studies In order to improve the studies, a larger sample size can be used to increase accuracy of the results. When a larger sample size is used, more comparisons can be made between the differences of genders, age, BMI, as well as the frequency of exercise. Besides, the time of the resting period can be modified to be longer. This is to ensure that the heart rate and blood pressure have returned to the resting level before the next set of experiment starts in order to reduce the inconsistency of the results. Conclusion From the experiment, the results show that there is an increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure. However, diastolic heart rate showed a decrease. Calculated mean arterial pressure(MAP) remained constant throughout different exercise intensity. However, this could be due to several reasons discussed as of above.

Holography Essay -- Hologram Descriptive Essays

Holography Holography has been around for sometime now, but has become increasingly more popular in recent years. Holograms are now found in virtually all types of products. These products consist of currencies, checks, stock certificates, credit cards, passports, ID cards, computer software, audio/visual tapes and CD ROMs, aircraft, software, electrical/electronic appliances, building materials, food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, building materials, branded fashion wear, tickets for performances and major sporting events, textbooks, toys, the list goes on. Although the possibility of holography was suggested as early as 1947, it could not be demonstrated until a pure coherent light source, the laser became available in 1963. The techniques of holograms are also applicable to sound, and bats may navigate by ultrasonic holography. Holographic techniques also have applications in storing dental records, detecting stresses and stains on construction and retail goods, detecting forged paintings and documents, and producing three-dimensional body scans. Holography is a method of producing three-dimensional images by means of laser light. Holography uses photographic techniques involving the splitting of two beams apart. So you may be wondering, what exactly is a hologram? The easiest way to describe it is a three dimensional picture. Like if you had a picture of a big marble, and had a smaller marble behind it you would not be able to look around the big marble to see the little one. Holography though, has very little to do with photography. A photograph is an actual image; a snapshot taken in a seconds time to preserve a memory. â€Å"A hologram contains information about size, shape, brightness, and contrast of the object being recorded.† (www.holoworld.com/holo/quest2) â€Å"The information is stored in a very microscopic and complex pattern of interference. The interference pattern is made possible by the properties of light generated by a LASER.† (www.holoworld.com/holo/quest2) In order to have a hologram be effective and accurate it needs two things: 1. Light needs to be highly directional 2. One color If it is done correctly your eyes and brain perceives the object as being in front of you. Basically it is a mind trick. Earlier I mentioned holography. This is a method that allow... ...le conversation though! BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. American Bank Note sees secure future Westchester County Business Journal July 7, 2000 Volume 39. Issue 28 pg. 9 2. AMPLIFIERS HOLOGRAPHY, Poptronics, March 2000, Vol 1 Issue 3, pg10 3. http://www.enter.net/~holostudio/holonews.html 4. ELECTRONIC holography, Electronic Engineering Times, 12/15/97 Issue 985, pg33. 4. Foilmark Plans $5 million expansion for holographic unit. Converting Magazine, March 2000 Volume 18. Issue 3 pg.22 5. www.holoworld.com 6. www.holograms.bc 7. Holograms Are for Real Machine Design February 25, 1999 Volume 71 Issue 4 pg.48 8. Hologram Maker Reviews problems in Accounting Khasru, B.Z. Westchester County Business Journal February 8, 1999. Volume 6 pg. 5 9. HOLOGRAPHY-Technological innovations VOXEL Inc., Computer Graphics World, Nov 96, Vol.19, Issue 11, pg20 10. www.members.eunet.at/lexlechz/hologram 11. Multipedia, 1995 12. http://www.oldcoloradocity.com/magictown/ 13. Optics Industry Report Laser Focus World January 2000 Volume 36 Issue 1, pg.69 14. Protecting the right image. Modern Power systems. November 1999 Volume 19. Issue 11 pg. 59

Cloning in our World :: science

Cloning in our World One of the latest advancements in technology is that of cloning. Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. In general, cloning is used in three contexts. First is using specialized DNA technology to produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene or other segment of DNA. This process is called cloning DNA. A second type of cloning exploits the natural process of cell division to make many copies of an entire cell. A third type of cloning produces complete, genetically identical animals such as the famous Scottish sheep, Dolly. The majority of people in America believe that cloning is unethical due to some moral issues. Others are afraid that cloning could me misused by governments and corporations creating clones to serve as slaves or soldiers to fight endless wars. I think that fear is the main argument against human cloning due to the fact that this is a newer branch in science and people are not very educated with the core concept of cloning. I believe that cloning is acceptable only if it is for the right reasons. My opinion is cloning should be allowed due to the countless possibilities we could gain in the health care field and human well being. For years, researchers have been working on finding a way to cure genetic diseases and save lives by cloning genes and organs. I think that these medical advancements are very beneficial for human kind in general. I totally disagree with people who say that God made some of us different and we should not try to change them. It is like saying that people who g ot sick after they were born should not seek medical help because God wanted them to get sick and they should just lie down and die. I say that if it is for the better of that person and if it is going to help them lead a normal life then let them do it. Even though I think that cloning genes and organs for medical purposes is acceptable, I think that cloning of humans is wrong. One of the biggest reasons why I am against human cloning is the health issue. I also think that it would be wrong if the government cloned people just to make them perfect and superior or to take control over the humanity as they did in the book Brave New World. Cloning in our World :: science Cloning in our World One of the latest advancements in technology is that of cloning. Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. In general, cloning is used in three contexts. First is using specialized DNA technology to produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene or other segment of DNA. This process is called cloning DNA. A second type of cloning exploits the natural process of cell division to make many copies of an entire cell. A third type of cloning produces complete, genetically identical animals such as the famous Scottish sheep, Dolly. The majority of people in America believe that cloning is unethical due to some moral issues. Others are afraid that cloning could me misused by governments and corporations creating clones to serve as slaves or soldiers to fight endless wars. I think that fear is the main argument against human cloning due to the fact that this is a newer branch in science and people are not very educated with the core concept of cloning. I believe that cloning is acceptable only if it is for the right reasons. My opinion is cloning should be allowed due to the countless possibilities we could gain in the health care field and human well being. For years, researchers have been working on finding a way to cure genetic diseases and save lives by cloning genes and organs. I think that these medical advancements are very beneficial for human kind in general. I totally disagree with people who say that God made some of us different and we should not try to change them. It is like saying that people who g ot sick after they were born should not seek medical help because God wanted them to get sick and they should just lie down and die. I say that if it is for the better of that person and if it is going to help them lead a normal life then let them do it. Even though I think that cloning genes and organs for medical purposes is acceptable, I think that cloning of humans is wrong. One of the biggest reasons why I am against human cloning is the health issue. I also think that it would be wrong if the government cloned people just to make them perfect and superior or to take control over the humanity as they did in the book Brave New World.

Marketing strategy in the tourism industry Essay

The word â€Å"strategy† occurred from the Greek strategos, â€Å"art of the general†. The military origin of this term shouldn’t be surprising. strategos allowed Alexander of Macedon to win the world. Value of the strategic behavior allowing firm to survive in competitive fight in long-term prospect, sharply increased in the last decades. All companies in the conditions of the rigid competition, quickly changing situation have to not only concentrate attention on internal state of affairs in the company, but also develop strategy of a long-term survival which would allow them to be in time behind the changes happening in their environment. Strategy represents the detailed comprehensive comprehensive plan, intended to provide implementation of mission of the organization and achievement it is more whole. Formation of strategy is one of management functions which represents process of a choice of the purposes of the organization and ways of their achievement. Marketing strategy is a strategy of the enterprises focused on market values. Marketing strategy has two main reference points – the market and a product. The subject of a term paper is actual since for many enterprises marketing strategy is the major strategy as it provides validity of a market orientation of the enterprise. The purpose of a term paper consists in a choice of such marketing strategy for the studied organization as a result  of which the company will achieve the objects, and will be in time behind the changes happening in its environment. Practice of business showed that there is no strategy, uniform for all companies, as well as there is no uniform universal strategic management. Each firm is unique in own way, and process of elaboration of strategy for each firm is unique as it depends on a firm position in the market, dynamics of its development, its potential, behavior of competitors, characteristics of goods made by it or services rendered by it, state of the economy, the cultural environment and still many other. Certainly, always it is necessary to remember that strategic management — it first of all a product of creativity of the top management, but at the same time it is possible to tell and about a certain theory of the strategic management which knowledge allows to exercise control of the organization more effectively. 1. Kinds of marketing strategy and process of their choice. 1.1 . Definition of strategy and their version. Company strategy, as a rule, consists of the thought-over purposeful actions and reaction to unforeseen succession of events. The firm defines the long-term actions in relation to the markets, the commodity range, pricing, merchandising and goods advance on the market, develops marketing strategy according to various conditions of demand, forms the global directions of the development. Firms have a big degree of a freedom of choice of strategy. They can diversify the activity in connected or not the connected grew by means of creation of joint ventures, strategic alliances, acquisition of other companies or opening of new activities. Some companies follow strategy of leadership in expenses, others focus attention on various combinations of numerous properties of goods more attractive to clients, and the third choose discussion of special inquiries of a narrow circle of buyers. Further the main marketing strategy which are more often used for organization development will be given. Marketing strategy — process of planning and realization of various marketing actions, which are subordinated to achievement put before the company (firm,  the organization, business structure) is more whole. All variety of strategy which commercial and non-profit organizations show in real life, are various modifications of several basic strategy. Each of these strategy is effective in the certain situation determined by factors of internal environment therefore it is important to consider the reasons of a choice of a certain option. The organization is faced by four main strategic alternatives: 1 . Limited growth. The majority of the organizations adheres to this alternative, for it establishment of the objectives from achieved, inflation-adjusted is characteristic. It is the easiest, convenient and least risky way of action. Apply in the mature stable industries having stable profit in the past. At strategy of limited growth of the purpose of development are established â€Å"from reached† and are corrected at situation change. If the management, is generally satisfied with position of firm, it is obvious that in the long term it will adhere to the same strategy as it is the most simple and least risky way of actions. 2 . Growth. This strategy is most often applied in dynamically developing branches with quickly changing technology. The strategic alternative of growth is carried out by annual substantial increase of level of short-term and long-term goals over level of indicators of previous year. This strategy is the chosen alternative second most often. It is applied in dynamically developing branches with quickly changing technologies. Growth can be internal or external. Internal growth can happen by expansion of the range of goods. External growth can be in allied industries in the form of the vertical or horizontal growth by a way of acquisition of other firm, their association or merge. 3 . Reduction – strategy of a last resort. Options of realization of strategic alternative of reduction: elimination, cutting off superfluous, reduction, reorientation. This strategy gets out the organization most less often. For it establishment of the objectives below the level achieved in the past is characteristic. To strategy of reduction resort when indicators of activity of the organization get a steady tendency to deterioration, and no measures can change this situation. 4 . Combination – strategy of a combination of all alternatives which the major companies which are actively operating in several branches adhere. This strategy represents a combination of the considered alternatives – the limited growth, growth and reduction. The large organizations which actively function in several branches adhere  to this strategy, as a rule. For example, the firm can sell or liquidate one of the productions and in exchange get one or several others. Marketing strategy (F. Kotler). According to F. Kotler, the firm in competitive fight can play one of 4 roles. The marketing strategy is defined by position of the company in the market, whether is she the leader, the applicant, the follower or occupies a certain niche: 1 . The leader (a share in the market about 40%) feels surely. The leader of the market possesses the greatest share of the market of a certain product. To strengthen a dominant position, the leader needs to seek for market expansion as a whole, attracting new consumers, finding new ways of consumption and use of production. For protection of the share of the market the leader uses strategy of position, flank and mobile defense, preemptive strikes and reflection of the attack, the compelled reduction. The majority of leaders of the market seek to deprive of competitors of the possibility of transition to approach. 2 . The applicant for leadership (a share in the market about 30%).  Such company aggressively attacks the leader and other competitors. Within special strategy the applicant can use the following options of attacks: â€Å"frontal attack† – is conducted in many directions (to new goods and the prices, advertising and sale), this attack demands considerable resources. â€Å"environment† – attempt to attack all or the considerable market territory of the market. â€Å"round† – transition to production of essentially new goods, development of the new markets. â€Å"attack of a gorilla† – small gusty attacks not absolutely correct methods. 3 . The follower – (a share of 20%) the company which to seek to keep the share of the market and to bypass all banks. However even followers have to adhere to the strategy directed on maintenance and increases in a share of the market. The follower can play roles of an imitator or the double 4 . Dug round in a market niche – (a share of 10%) serves a small segment of the market to which there is no business to major companies. Traditionally this role I played small business, today strategy of niches use also the large companies. Key to niches – specialization. The companies focusing in niches, choose one or several areas of specialization: on end users, down, depending on the sizes of clients, on special clients, by the geographical principle, on a product, on individual service of buyers, on a certain ratio of  quality/price, on service, on distribution channels. Some niches are more preferable than one. Main competitive strategy (M. Porter). Malt liquor allocates five main competitive strategy: 1 . Strategy of leadership in the expenses, providing decrease in full costs of production of goods or services. 2 . The strategy of broad differentiation directed on giving to goods of peculiar features, distinguishing them from goods of rival firms that promotes attraction of a large number of buyers 3 . The strategy of optimum expenses which is giving the chance to buyers to receive for the money a great value at the expense of a combination of low expenses and broad differentiation of production. The task consists in providing optimum expenses and the prices concerning producers of production with similar lines and quality. 4 . The focused strategy, or the strategy of a market niche based on low expenses, is focused on a narrow segment of buyers where the firm advances the competitors at the expense of lower costs of production 5 . The focused strategy, or the strategy of a market niche based on differentiation of production, sets the purpose providing representatives of the chosen segment with goods or the services most fully answering to their tastes and requirements. The analysis of a competitive situation and definition of position of the organization in it assume determination of complexity and dynamism of the competitive environment. Universal methods of such analysis are the model of five forces of M. Porter and the analysis of expenses of competitors. The model of five forces assumes carrying out the structural analysis on the basis of determination of intensity of the competition and research of threat of penetration on the market of potential competitors, the authorities of buyers, the authorities of suppliers, threats from goods or service substitutes. The analysis of expenses of competitors is consolidated to clarification of the strategic factors operating expenses, actually the analysis of expenses and modeling of expenses of competitors. For obtaining competitive advantage the firm can use three the general competitive to strategy: 1. leadership in expenses (a task — to achieve leadership in expenses in the concrete sphere at the expense of a set of measures for control of them), 2. individualization (achievement of difference of a product or organization service from products or services of  competitors in this sphere is supposed), 3. focusing (a task — concentration on concrete group, a segment of the market or the geographical region). Types of strategy of behavior of firms according to A.A. Thompson and A.DZh. Striklendu. They allocate the following strategy: offensive, defensive and strategy of vertical integration. 1. Offensive strategy for preservation of competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is usually reached due to use of creative offensive strategy it isn’t so simple to them to resist to competitors. Six main types of offensive strategy are allocated: the actions directed on resisting to strengths of the competitor or to surpass them; the actions directed on, use of weaknesses of the competitor; at the same time approach on several fronts; capture of unoccupied spaces; guerrilla war; pre-emptive strikes. 2 . Defensive strategy for protection of competitive advantage aim to hold the market position, to reduce risk to be attacked, to transfer attack of the competitor with smaller losses, to put pressure on throwing down a challenge to reorient them on fight against other competitors. 3 . Strategy of vertical integration. The essence of this strategy is that firms can expand the activities for the direction to suppliers (back) or in the direction to the consumer (forward). The firm building the new enterprise for production of entrance components which were bought earlier from suppliers, undoubtedly, remains in the same branch, as earlier. Similarly, if the producer chooses integration â€Å"forward†, opening a network of the retail shops to sell production to directly end user, he remains in business on production of this production, even on condition of expansion of its field of activity in a branch chain of values. Strategy of vertical integration can pursue the aim of full integration in grew or partial  integration (creating positions at the most important stages of a branch chain of values). The company can carry out vertical integration, beginning own actions in other links of a branch chain or getting the firms which are already working in this sp here that they were closer to the company. 1.2 Specifics of marketing in tourism. Tourism according to the main characteristics has no fundamental differences from other forms of economic activity. Therefore all essential provisions of modern marketing can be fully applied and in tourism. At the same time in tourism there are the specifics distinguishing it not only from trade in goods, but also from other forms of trade in services. Here trade, both services, and goods (by estimates of experts, the share of services in tourism makes 75%, goods – 25%), and also special nature of consumption of tourist services and goods in a place of their production, moreover, in a certain situation takes place. In the traditional production having concrete result of work (goods in a material and material form), the concept of marketing has more concrete contents. In tourism the result of activity is reduced to a tourist product. In fact, the tourist product is the any service which is satisfying these or those needs of tourists and subject to payment of the hardware of th eir party. Tourist services treat hotel, transport, excursion, translation, household, municipal, intermediary, etc. The main tourist product is complex service, i.e. the standard set of services sold to tourists in one â€Å"package†, abroad they are called often package-tour. Tourist marketing – concept difficult and capacious in view of what it yet didn’t receive the accurate and final wording. There is a set of definitions, including: – methods and the receptions directed on identification and satisfaction of needs of people, caused with motives of rest – informative aspect, rest, entertainment, treatment, etc., – and the organization of tourist bureaus or the associations, capable it is rational to satisfy these requirements; – the state and private activity of the tourist enterprises which is carried out on the international, national and regional plans for the purpose of satisfaction of requirements of certain groups of tourists; – the system of a trade production activity aiming at satisfaction of individual needs of each consumer on t he basis of  identification and studying of a consumer demand for receiving the maximum profit; – the market focused management, directed is achievement of the objectives enterprises more whole than the enterprise by more effective, than at competitors, satisfaction of needs of tourists; marketing can be used as at the level of separate travel company, and separately tourist concerns, holdings, including at the international level. The world tourist organization allocates three main functions of marketing in tourism: 1) establishment of contacts with clients sets as the purpose to convince them that the offered vacation spot and services of service existing there, sights and expected benefits completely correspond to that clients wish to receive; 2) development assumes design of innovations which will be able to provide new opportunities for the sale, in turn similar innovations have to correspond to requirements and preferences of potential clients; 3) control provides the analysis of results of activity on advance of services in the market and check of, as far as these results reflect really full and successful use available in the sphere of tourism of opportunities. The tourist product has to be good acquisition. In this regard marketing represents the consecutive actions of the tourist enterprises directed on achievement of such purpose. Therefore and reasonable the following definition of marketing is rath er logical. Marketing in tourism is a system of continuous coordination of offered services with services which are in demand in the market and which the tourist enterprise is capable to offer with profit for itself and is more effective, than it is done by competitors. In relation to tourism allocate some components of a complex of marketing: – personnel, its qualification and training; – process of providing service; – environment. Tourist business is unique in the sense that the personnel of the enterprises is a part of a tourist product. Hospitality, goodwill – the main condition for all comers, and not just specialists in direct service of consumers. Marketing has to be an integral part of philosophy of all organization, and functions of marketing to be carried out by all employees. Key factor of competitiveness of the tourist enterprise are a measure (action) for mobilization of creative activity of collective. Important factor of  high-quality service of the client is the environment – appearance of the building, office registration, furniture, the equipment, office equipment, etc. the atmosphere of the offer of a product (the physical environment) is perceived by means of sense organs (sight, hearing, sense of smell, touch) and has impact on consumer behavior in four ways: 1) can serve as a data carrier for potential consumers; 2) can serve as means of drawing attention of clients; 3) can be the carrier of a certain effect (colors, sounds and properties of surfaces of subjects surrounding the client influence his consciousness and induce to purchase); 4) can create a certain mood. [19, page 58] Ensuring management efficiency with marketing requires development of its auxiliary systems: marketing information; marketing organizations; marketing control. The system of marketing information provides, systematization, an assessment and use of the data characterizing a condition of environment and the internal environment of the tourist enterprise. Without objective, actual, rather full marketing information adoption of operational and strategic decisions is impossible. The system of the organization of marketing is directed on creation of the relevant organizational structure of the tourist enterprise providing realization of marketing actions. For continuous tracking performance of marketing strategy and programs the system of marketing control is created. In practice the technology of implementation of the concept of marketing is very elastic. It can change both the structure, and a place of separate stages depending on features of the enterprise, degree of familiarity of the market, goals, tasks and market conditions. However all these elements are closely interconnected. It is impossible any of them to exclude from system, without having broken its integrity. 2. Marketing strategy in the tourism and hospitality industry. 2.1 Strategic marketing at the tourist enterprises. 1. Corporate marketing strategy in tourism. Hierarchy of marketing strategic decisions. The most important purposes of any company are: receiving profit, ensuring continuous growth of a turn and occupation of the best competitive position in the market. In marketing is the growth of sales, increase in a share of the market, increase of loyalty of consumers. Exactly at the top level company management the foundation of the correct marketing policy as each concrete marketing decision has to be considered as specification of strategic decisions of the company directed on achievement of the all-corporate purposes are laid: definition of development of the main strategic zones of managing. choice of the directions of further growth  formation of competitive advantages. These and other marketing decisions made by the top management of the company, define development of concrete products and the markets, all system of marketing actions, their expense and efficiency at the subsequent stages. Strategic marketing decisions represent a way of action on achievement of the marketing purposes which, in turn, follow from the purposes all-corporate. Distinguish the marketing decisions made by the enterprise at three levels: the corporate; the functional; the tool. Corporate marketing decisions define interaction strategy with the market and coordination of capacity of the enterprise with its requirements. Marketing decisions at corporate level define ways as it is better to use enterprise resources for satisfaction of needs of the market. It is possible to allocate three groups of strategic marketing decisions at corporate level. Portfolio strategy — allow to resolve rather effectively issues of management of various fields of activity of the enterprise from the point of view of their place and a role in satisfaction of needs of the market and implementation of capital investments in each of spheres. Growth strategy — give the chance to answer questions: in what direction to develop to the enterprise better to conform to market requirements? whether enough own resources for this purpose or is required to go for external acquisitions of  the activity? Competitive strategy — define how it is possible to provide to the ente rprise competitive advantages in the market from the point of view of bigger involvement of potential consumers and what policy to choose in relation to competitors. 2 . Marketing strategy on tourist industry development. Marketing practice considers â€Å"portfolio† in the form of set, as a rule, not economic divisions dependent from each other, strategic units of one company. â€Å"The portfolio analysis† allows to present in a matrix look results of research of activities of the enterprise for the purpose of determination of their subsequent growth and increase in profitability of strategic units which were its part. Thus increase in production is defined by development of demand and sales that leads to decrease in expenses of resources on a unit of production. â€Å"Portfolio strategy† — ways of distribution of limited resources between economic divisions of the enterprise with use of criteria of appeal of market segments and potential opportunities of each economic unit. Enterprise resource management on the basis of a choice of the economic directions of market activity is carried out with use of a matrix of BKG and a matrix Mac-Kinzi. 3 . The marketing strategy focused on growth of the tourist company. Enterprise growth — manifestation of types of its business activity which can be based on three opportunities of growth: organic growth, intensive development at the expense of own resources acquisition of other enterprises or the integrated development; diversification — leaving in other fields of activity. Strategy of growth represent business management models by a choice of types of its business activity taking into account internal and external opportunities. Control of growth is exercised with the help: Ansoff’s matrixes matrixes of external acquisitions; new matrix of BKG. Ansoff’s matrix. This matrix represents the tool for classification of production and the markets depending on degree of uncertainty of prospects of sale of production or opportunities of penetration of this production on this market. It is known that gorazno it is more difficult to sell absolutely new production, than production known, also to sell the existing range of goods to categories of the consumers close to what already got them, it is easier, than to master the new markets. Each strategic quadrant defines the directions of marketing efforts of the enterprise: 1 . Penetration strategy on the market: stimulation of purchases by traditional buyers (product replacement, use frequency); increase in a share of the market; involvement of buyers from competitors; involvement of new consumers; search of new opportunities of using. 2 . Strategy of development of the market: exit to new consumer segments; entry into the new territorial markets; exit to new marketing networks. 3 . Strategy of development of a product: innovations; new brand; modification by the range 4 . The marketing strategy focused on ensuring competitive advantages of travel agency. Competitiveness of goods and firm. The competition — rivalry of the enterprises in the market, directed on a gain attention of potential consumers. The competitive analysis represents the analysis of a competitive situation and an assessment of degree of  competitive advantages, both the enterprise, and his rivals in the market. Competitive advantage – those characteristics of market activity of the enterprise which create a certain superiority over competitors. Competitive strategy at corporate level pursue the aim to provide competitive advantage of the enterprise in the market concerning rival firms. For management of competitive position of the enterprise are used: general competitive matrix; model of competitive forces; matrix of competitive advantages; model of reaction of competitors. General competitive matrix. According to Porter’s general competitive matrix competitive advantage of the enterprise in the market can be provided with three main ways. Grocery leadership is based on policy of differentiation of goods (value for buyers is created). The main attention is paid to improvement of goods, giving of bigger consumer usefulness to them, development of branded production, design, service and guarantee maintenance, formation of attractive image. The combination of high usefulness and the high price forms â€Å"the market force† goods. It protects the enterprise from competitors, provides stability of position in the market. Price leadership is provided on the basis of possibility of the enterprise to reduce costs of production (value for the producer is created). The special attention is paid to stability of the investments, the standardized goods, strict management of expenses, control of expenses. Decrease in expenses is based on use of â€Å"an experience curve†. L eadership in a niche is connected with focusing of grocery or price advantage on a narrow segment of the market, without covering all market. Such leadership is most often used by small business enterprises. Dangers of this strategy are connected with the next moments: essential strengthening of distinctions in expenses can reduce considerably advantages of service narrow the target groups;  gap reduction in differentiated production for narrow target group and a common market is possible; competitors can find unoccupied niches even in a narrow target segment. 2.2 Process of a choice of strategy. Process of a choice of strategy includes the following main steps: explanation of the current strategy; carrying out analysis of a portfolio of businesses; choice of strategy of firm and assessment of the chosen strategy. Explanation of the current strategy is very important because it is impossible to make decisions on a future occasion, without having a clear idea concerning in what state there is an organization and what strategy it realizes. Various schemes of explanation of the current strategy can be used. One of possible approaches is offered by Thompson and Strikland. They consider that exists on five external and internal factors which need to be estimated to deal with realized strategy. External factors: scope of activity of firm and degree of a variety of made production, diversification of firm; general character and nature of recent acquisitions of firm and sales of part of the property by it; structure and orientation of activity of firm for the last period; opportunities on which the firm was focused recently; relation to external threats. Internal factors: firm purposes; criteria of distribution of resources and the developed structure of capital investments on made production; the relation to financial risk both from the management, and according to real practice and carried-out financial policy; level and degree of concentration of efforts in the field of research and development; strategy of certain functional spheres (marketing, production, shots, finance, scientific researches and development). The analysis of a portfolio of businesses represents one of the most important instruments of strategic management. It gives an evident idea that separate parts of business are very interconnected and that a portfolio as  whole significantly differs from the simple sum of its parts and the condition of its separate parts is much more important for firm, than. By means of the analysis of a portfolio of businesses such major factors of business, as risk, receipt of money, updating and dying off can be balanced. It is possible to tell with full confidence that the analysis of a portfolio of businesses is a basis of strategic planning. At the same time it is necessary to remember that the analysis of a portfolio of businesses is only one of instruments of strategic management, and it in any way doesn’t replace strategic planning as a component of strategic management, certainly, strategic management as a whole. After the management will consider available strategic alternatives, it then addresses to concrete strategy. The simplified technique of definition of position of firm and its goods in relation to opportunities grew was developed by the Boston consultative group. In the analysis of a portfolio comparison of a share of firm or its goods in the market with growth rates of all economic activity is carried out. Each of these quadrants in the BCG model is given figurative names: Stars. The new business areas occupying rather big share of roughly growing market operations on which make high profit concern to them, as a rule. It is possible to call these business areas leaders of the branches. They bring in to the organizations very high income. However the main problem is connected with definition of the correct balance between the income and investments into this area in the future to guarantee recoverability of the last. Milk cows. These are business areas which in the past received rather big share of the market. However over time growth of the relevant branch was considerably slowed down. As usual, â€Å"milk cows† are â€Å"stars† in the past which provide now to the organization sufficient profit to hold the competitive positions in the market. The stream of monetary cash in these positions is well balanced as investments into such business area require the most necessary minimum. Such business area can bring in very big incomes of the organization. Difficult children. These business areas compete in  growing branches, but occupy rather small share of the market. This combination of circumstances results in need of increase in investments for the purpose of protection of the share of the market and guaranteeing a survival on it. High growth rates of the market demand considerable monetary cash to correspond to this growth. However these business areas with great difficulty generate the organization income because of the small share in the market. These areas most often are pure consumers of monetary cash, instead of its generators, and remain them until their market share will change. Dogs. These are business areas with rather small share in the market in slowly developing branches. The stream of monetary cash in these areas of business usually very insignificant, and is more often even the negative. Any step of the organization in the direction to receive a big share of the market unambiguously immediately it is counterattacked by competitors dominating in this branch. Only skill of the manager can help the organization to hold such positions of business area. The positions taken by separate areas of business in strategic space, defined by the BCG model, dictate a choice of quite certain directions of actions: For Stars: To try to keep or increase a share of the business in the market. For Difficult children: Or to go on increase in a share of business in the market, or to be content with that is reached, or to reduce this business. For Milk cows: To try to keep or increase a share of the business in the market. For Dogs: To be content with the of provisions, either to reduce it, or to liquidate this type of business in the organization. The choice of strategy of firm is carried out by the management on the basis of the analysis of the key factors characterizing a condition of firm, taking into account results of the analysis of a portfolio of businesses,  and also character and essence of realized strategy. The major key factors which have to be considered first of all at a strategy choice, the following is. The condition of branch and firm position in branch often can play a crucial role at a choice of strategy of growth of firm. Leading, strong firms have to seek for the maximum use of the opportunities generated by their leading situation, and for strengthening of this situation. Leading firms depending on a condition of branch have to choose various strategy of growth. So, for example, if the branch goes to decline, it is necessary to stake on diversification strategy if the branch roughly develops, the choice has to fall on strategy of the concentrated growth or strategy of the integrated growth. Weak firms have to behave in a different way. They have to choose those strategy which can lead to increase in their force. If such strategy aren’t present, they have to leave this branch. The purposes of firm give uniqueness and originality to a strategy choice in relation to each concrete firm. For to what the firm aspires is reflected. If, for example, the purposes don’t assume the intensive growth of firm, can’t be chosen believe the corresponding strategy of growth, even in spite of the fact that for this purpose there are all prerequisites both in the market and in branch, and in the potential of firm. 3. Marketing strategy on an example â€Å"Eurasia Tour†. 3.1 Summary of the enterprise. The Eurasia Tour travel company was founded on February 29, 1996. The firm cooperates with the leading Russian tourist organizations in various regions of Russia and the neighboring countries. In 1998 the firm for the first time acted in quality round of the operator in the summer program â€Å"To Spain Directly from Omsk†. Same year the firm is awarded by the diploma International the exhibition center â€Å"InterSib† for professional work. In 1999 own tourist programs for the Omsk region, gained recognition of Omsk, nonresident and foreign tourists – adventure automobile round on the North of the Omsk region â€Å"Taiga rally† and an alloy on kayaks under the name â€Å"Secrets of the Taiga River† were for the first time offered.† Eurasia Tour† is an official travel agent of a traditional Siberian international marathon  which in August, 2001 passed already for the twelfth time. In 2002 â€Å"Eurasia Tour† was included in the interstate agreement between Russia and China, having acquired the right for opening of visas to citizens of the Russian Federation. Today the staff of firm makes 15 people. Contacts with all leading hotels of the city, and also the largest boarding house of the Omsk region are come into. At office of firm sale of air tickets in all directions on flights of the Russian and foreign airlines is organized. Employees â€Å"Eurasia Tour† determine a target segment by the following characteristics: Age – 40-45let Income level – average and above an average Education – usually the highest, but doesn’t play a role Relationship status – usually a family from two-four people Work, profession – most often – business owners Geography Vital style – the vigorous, active person occupied with trade or administrative activity, working often on days off and holidays, watches the image, feels a lack of time on rest and the family, susceptible to the novelties, skeptical about advertising. Motive of travel – desire to have a rest with a family, – desire to have a rest abroad, – desire to receive treatment abroad – desire to visit the exotic country (entertainments + novelty) 3.2 Marketing strategy on an example â€Å"Eurasia Tour† The firm exists 14 years, and even crisis of 1998 didn’t become a hindrance for its development and functioning. In advertising appeals it is specified that â€Å"Eurasia Tour† is the member of various tourist associations that as inspires trust to firm. As here goes formations of image of a product, namely cruise across Irtysh which has no analogs in the Omsk region. Tourists can receive not only information on rounds which offer practically all tour agencies of the city (rest in Spain through â€Å"Natali-turs†,  treatment in the Czech Republic through â€Å"Travelland†, excursion Europe tours and so on), but also information on rounds which â€Å"Eurasia Tour† (â€Å"the Okunevsky Ark† will organize, â€Å"Taiga Rally†, â€Å"Secrets of the Taiga River†, â€Å"Linevo’s Lake†, â€Å"Omsk excursion† and so on), being that tour-operetor. It should be noted that â€Å"Eurasia Tour† issues the booklets connected with their own projects, for bigger involvement of tourists to these services. All booklets are printed in printing house on good, qualitative paper that shows respect for clients. In addition all booklets are colorfully issued. The booklet â€Å"Taiga Rally† is executed in green color which associates with trees, with a taiga. Booklets â€Å"Linevo’s Lake† and â€Å"Secrets of the Taiga River† contain various shades of blue color which associates with water, the lake, the small river. â€Å"The Okunevsky Ark† is executed in brown, yellow and white tones which give to the booklet some mystery. In these advertising leaflets the visual effect is provided at the expense of photos of these projects. Photos recreate the atmosphere of these rounds. They give to the potential client the main idea that expects it. For example, fishing, a crossing through the river, a river raft ing, monastery visit and so on. In booklets â€Å"Secret of the Taiga River†, â€Å"Linevo’s Lake†, â€Å"Omsk excursion†, â€Å"Taiga Rally† is given objective information on offered services with allocation of specifics and potential opportunities which clients wait. For example, you will be able to make horse walk, to fish on the lake †¦ Automobile round †¦ River rafting †¦ In the Achairsky Monastery to visit the Sacred source and so on. In the booklet â€Å"Okunevsky Ark† the fantasy situation is created. For example, †¦ to visit the most mysterious region of Western Siberia †¦ Visit of the power center of the earth †¦ Practically all advertising leaflets contain information in two languages: Russian, for the Russian-speaking population, and English, for foreign tourists. Besides advertising leaflets, the world Internet system the tourist firm â€Å"Eurasia Tour† places the advertising on television and in printing editions. The tele vision has ample opportunities to make purposeful influences and to cause desirable response of spectator audience. The television provides broad coverage. So for promotion of the festive program â€Å"on March 8 in sanatorium â€Å"Mercury† advertising on television, for the weekend, during display of interesting programs and feature films on the local channel when the maximum number of potential clients were at the TVs was given. 3% of  estimated profit therefore the program was advertized on television and in the â€Å"Mozhet Byt† newspaper which has the special section devoted to tourism â€Å"Wind of Wanderings† were allocated for advertising of this project. The advertising appeal which was placed in the newspaper, was simple, short, drawing attention of readers. Owing to the efficiency, repeatability, broad coverage of the market of a press is one of the most effective remedies of distribution of advertising therefore â€Å"Eurasia Tour† most often uses press services for advertising of the services. Important factor in advertising is firm styles of the organi zation. The corporate style is a set color, graphic, verbal, the typographical of the design constant elements providing visual and semantic unity of goods (services), all information proceeding from firm, its internal and external registration. The tourist firm â€Å"Eurasia Tour† developed an own corporate style which allows the consumer quickly and unmistakably to find a firm product, allows firm to bring with smaller expenses to the market the new products and which increases advertising efficiency. Elements of a corporate style are: Trademark; Firm font inscription (logo); Firm block; Firm slogan (slogan); Firm color; â€Å"Eurasia tour† logo which possesses advertising functions and quality assurance function is given below. This logo is put on firm forms, envelopes, prospectuses, booklets, folders, exhibition stands and as are used at outdoor advertising and TV commercial. The Eurasia round logo has a certain coloring: or red with white, or red with blue, or red with the black. Color depends on on what color surface will be the logo is put. Color does a logo more attractive, better memorable. Near a logo it isn’t seldom possible to meet and the firm slogan â€Å"Eurasia – tour†: OPEN UP THE WORLD WITH US!† The firm slogan is always written in the Russian and English languages that gives the chance to use services of firm not only to Russian-speaking  tourists, but also tourists from different corners of the world. So, from the aforesaid it is visible that the tourist firm â€Å"Eurasia tour† actively advances the services by means of different types of marketing strategy. However we considered only separate types of advertising. But, it should be noted that â€Å"Eurasia tour† uses also other types of advertising, such as: audiovisual advertising, handbills, outdoor advertising, post advertising and so on. Conclusion. So, marketing strategy provide not only effective satisfaction of requirements of the market, but also success of the enterprise in competitive fight. Having arisen in the production sphere, marketing rather long time didn’t find the corresponding application in the tourism sphere. However increase of the competition, commercialization of tourist activity resulted in need of the fastest introduction of basic elements of marketing in practice of work of the tourist enterprise. At the same time tourism has the certain features connected with nature of rendered services, forms of sales and so on. Really to use marketing as the reliable instrument of achievement of success in the market, specialists of the tourist enterprises need to seize its methodology and ability to apply it depending on a concrete situation.